I 


The  Manuale  Scholarium 


The  Manuale  Scholarium 

AN  ORIGINAL  ACCOUNT  OF  LIFE 
IN  THE  MEDIAEVAL  UNIVERSITY 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  LATIN 
BY 

ROBERT  FRANCIS  SEYBOLT,  PH.D. 

ASSOCIATE  PROFESSOR  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF 

EDUCATION  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 


CAMBRIDGE 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

LONDON:  HUMPHREY  MILFORD 

OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

1921 


COPYRIGHT,  1921 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


FRANCISCO  OTIS  REED 

MULTARUM  LINGUARUM  PERITO 

HUNC  LIBELLUM 

GRATO  ANIMO 
DEDICAT  INTERPRES 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 9 

I.  How  new  students  should  address  their  masters, 
that  they  may  be  entered  upon  the  register  of  the 
university,  and  initiated 17 

II.  Concerning  two  youths,  called  Camillus  and  Bar- 
toldus,  plaguing  a  beanus;  pretending  that  they 
do  not  know  he  is  a  beanus,  but  that  he  is  an  of- 
fensive smell 24 

III.  How  the  students  talk  about  the  exercises  and 
lectures 34 

IV.  A  discussion  of  methods  and  courses  of  study    .      40 
V.  Debate  on  the  faculties  of  poetry  and  law  ...      46 

VI.  Their  usual  discourse  when  they  go  walking  .    .       50 

VII.  In  which  one  questions  the  other  concerning  his 

journey 54 

VIII.  How  they  talk  at  table 58 

IX.   Concerning  quarrels  among  the  students     ...       63 

X.  How  they  talk  with  one  another  when  they  in- 
tend to  present  themselves  for  examinations.  .  .  68 

XI.  How  they  talk  about  the  wolf  and  the  statutes  in 

the  lodgings  and  colleges 72 

XH.  Various  conversations  among  students     ....      77 
XIII.   Commonplaces 83 


8  CONTENTS 

XIV.  How  the  students  talk  about  women  when  they 

are  in  the  flame  of  love 88 

XV.  Tells  of  women  as  before 93 

XVI.   Commonplaces  among  students 98 

XVII.  How  one  ought  to  reply  when  questioned  concern- 
ing the  customs  of  the  university 102 

XVIII.  The  manner  of  inviting  distinguished  persons  to 

breakfast  or  collations 106 

APPENDIX in 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 


INTRODUCTION 

STUDENTS  of  university  life  in  the  Middle  Ages  have 
long  been  familiar  with  the  Manuale  Scholar ium.  Sev- 
eral writers  have  used  it  as  their  chief  source  of  infor- 
mation concerning  life  in  the  German  universities  of 
the  later  Middle  Ages;  others  have  based  their  ac- 
counts exclusively  upon  it.  The  comments  of  many 
investigators  on  its  documentary  value  would  seem  to 
justify  an  attempt  to  make  the  Manuale  available  to  a 
wider  circle  of  readers. 

The  popularity  of  the  Manuale  among  modern 
writers  seems  to  be  due  to  its  interesting  description  of 
the  freshman  ceremony  of  initiation,  in  the  second 
chapter.  Kaufmann  and  Steinhausen  refer  to  the 
Manuale  only  in  connection  with  the  '  jocund  advent.'1 
This  chapter,  containing  the  earliest  published  ac- 
count of  the  rite  of  deposition,  is  duly  acknowledged  by 
Rait  and  Rashdall.2  A  rather  free  and  much  abbre- 

1  Georg  Kaufmann,  Die  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Universitaten,  ii, 
p.  233:  "One  gets  a  vivid  picture  of  it  from  the  description  in  the 
Manuale  Scholarium,  which  presents  the  custom  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury."   Georg  Steinhausen,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Kultur,  p.  458: 
"The  much  used  .  .  .  Manuale  Scholarium  affords  a  glance  into 
student  life  itself,  its  ofttimes  rough  customs,  and  particularly  the 
deposition." 

2  R.  S.  Rait,  Life  in  the  Medieval  University,  pp.  116-119;  Hastings 
Rashdall,  The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  ii,  pp.  629- 
631.     Wilhelm  Fabricius,   "Die    altesten  gedruckten  Quellen  zur 
Geschichte  des  deutschen  Studententums,"  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Bucher- 
freunde,  Jahrgang  i  (1897-98),  i,  p.  182,  note  2:  "The  description  of 

o 


io  INTRODUCTION 

viated:  traX'Slajtion  -pi  it  appears  in  Coulton's  Medieval 
Garner,  under  the  title  "The  Freshman's  Ordeal."3 
Fairly  complete  translations  of  this  section  are  to  be 
found  in  the  studies  of  Busch  and  Schultz;  each,  how- 
ever, leaves  several  phrases  in  the  original.4 

Liberal  acknowledgment  is  made  by  these  writers 
and  others  of  their  indebtedness  to  the  Manuale  for 
their  accounts  of  other  aspects  of  student  life.  The 
evidence  of  references,  in  their  chapter  on  "Das 
deutsche  Studententum  bis  zur  Reformation,"  indi- 
cates that  the  most  thorough  use  has  been  made  of  the 
work  by  Schulze  and  Ssymank.8  Otto  Kaemmel's 
study  on  "Die  Universitaten  im  Mittelalter"  draws 
very  freely  upon  it.6  Schultz  makes  brief  mention,  on 

the  deposition  in  the  Manuale  Scholarium  was  frequently  published  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  is  of  great  importance  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  this  custom;"  and  ibid.,  Jg.  3  (1899-1900),  i,  p.  100:  "I  have 
already  remarked,  in  the  first  part  of  this  series  of  articles,  that  the 
Manuale  Scholarium  contains  the  oldest  description  of  the  custom  of 
deposition.  A  whole  literature  on  this  custom  sprang  up  in  the  suc- 
ceeding centuries."  O.  Kaemmel,  "Die  Universitaten  des  Mittelal- 
ters,"  in  K.  A.  Schmid's  Geschichte  der  Erziehung  (Stuttgart,  1884- 
1902),  ii,  p.  535,  n.  i:  "The  Manuale  Scholarium,  Chapter  II,  gives 
the  first  detailed  description,  almost  in  the  form  of  a  dramatic  scene." 
Friedrich  Zarncke,  Die  deutschen  Universitaten  im  Mittelalter,  p.  ix: 
"The  description  of  the  freshman  initiation  is,  so  far  as  I  know,  the 
oldest  example  of  its  kind." 

3  G.  G.  Coulton,  A  Medieval  Garner  (London,  1910),  pp.  670-673. 

4  Moritz  Busch,  "Deutsche  Studenten  in  alter  Zeit,"  in  Die 
Grenzboten,  Jg.  25  (1866),  ii,  pp.  206-211;  Alwin  Schultz,  Deutsches 
Leben  im  xrv.  und  xv.  Jahrkundert,  i,  pp.  204-209. 

6  Friedrich  Schulze  and  Paul  Ssymank,  Das  deutsche  Studententum 
von  den  aeltesten  Zeiten  bis  zur  Gegenwart,  pp.  46-78. 

6  In  K.  A.  Schmid,  Geschichte  der  Erziehung,  ii,  pp.  334-548. 


INTRODUCTION  n 

the  page  following  his  translation  of  Chapter  II,  of 
several  aspects  of  university  life  as  revealed  by  the 
third,  seventh,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  chapters  of  the 
Manuale.7  A  digest  of  certain  sections  is  given  by 
Karl  Hartf elder  in  an  article  entitled  "  Heidelberger 
Studentenleben  in  alter  Zeit."  8 

The  Manuale  presents  a  lively  account  of  certain 
aspects  of  life  in  the  German  universities  of  the  later 
Middle  Ages.9  Two  students  of  Heidelberg,  through 
the  medium  of  their  dialogue,  afford  us  a  glimpse  into 
their  daily  routine.10  From  them  we  learn  not  only  the 

7  Op.  cit.,  i,  pp.  209-210. 

8  In  Zeitschrift  fur  Allgemeine  Geschichte,  ii  (1885),  pp.  780-785. 

g  Busch  (op.  cit.,  p.  205)  calls  it  "a  very  clear  description."  Schultz 
(op.  cit.,  p.  203)  says:  "The  Manuale  Scholarium  gives  us  the  best 
information  concerning  student  life." 

10  Rashdall  (op.  cit. ,  ii,  p.  629,  n.  2) :  "The  book  consists  of  a  series  of 
Dialogues  intended  apparently  in  part  as  a  repertoire  of  the  Latinity 
which  a  Scholar  would  require  for  conversational  purposes  at  the 
University."  Schulze  and  Ssymank  refer  to  it  as  a  "students'  ad- 
viser" (op.  cit.,  p.  51),  and  "students'  guide"  (op.  cit.,  p.  56).  Adolf 
Pernwerth  von  Barnstein,  in  his  bibliography  (Beitrage  zur  Geschichte 
6*  Literatur  des  deutschen  Studententhumes,  p.  101),  characterizes  the 
Manuale  as  "an  official  book  of  regulations,  to  serve  those  who  are 
newly  entering  the  university  as  a  guide  to  conditions  awaiting  them 
there."  Fabricius,  op.  cit.,  Jg.  i,  i,  p.  178:  "It  is  a  collection  of  con- 
versations between  students,  which  treat  university  matters  of  that 
time  in  such  a  way  that  the  work  may  be  regarded  as  an  excellent 
source  for  research  concerning  academic  conditions  about  1480." 
Zarncke  (op.  cit.,  p.  ix):  "The  Manuale  Scholarium  was  composed 
chiefly  to  give  to  any  one  entering  the  university,  who  was  from  that 
time  forth  obliged  to  speak  Latin,  directions  as  to  how  he  should 
properly  express  and  conduct  himself.  The  great  number  of  editions 
that  have  come  down  to  us  supply  evidence  that  the  book  fulfilled  its 
purpose." 


12  INTRODUCTION 

formalities  of  matriculation,  the  details  of  the  fresh- 
man ceremony  of  initiation,  the  course  of  study, 
methods  of  instruction,  requirements  for  degrees, 
their  life  in  the  lodgings,  etc.,  but  also  their  reactions 
to  these  features  of  university  life.  As  Rait  says,  the 
Manuale  "gives,  in  some  ways,  a  remarkable  picture 
of  German  student  life,  with  its  interests  and  its  temp- 
tations; but  it  raises  more  problems  than  it  solves,  and 
it  affords  a  fresh  illustration  of  the  difficulty  of  attempt- 
ing to  recreate  the  life  of  the  past."11 

The  Manuale,  the  authorship  of  which  is  unknown, 
first  appeared  in  1481. 12  During  the  next  two  centuries 
its  popularity  carried  it  through  many  editions.  Ac- 
cording to  Fabricius,  one  Paul  Niavis  was  tempted  to 
publish  it  as  his  own  work,  and  without  extensive  re- 
arrangement of  material,  under  the  title  Latino, 
Ydeomata  (c.  1481-1 520) ,13  Fabricius's  study  con- 
tains an  interesting  discussion  of  the  authorship  of  the 
two  works,  the  dates  of  their  composition,  and  a 
detailed  comparison  of  their  contents. 

The  text  used  for  the  translation  is  the  well  known 
edition  by  Zarncke.14  To  preserve,  in  some  measure, 
the  atmosphere  of  the  university  setting,  and  the 

11  Op.  tit.,p.  1 08. 

12  Fabricius,  op.  cit.,  Jg.  i,  i,  pp.  177-182;  Zarncke,  op.  cit.t  p.  224. 

13  Fabricius,  op.  cit.,  Jg.  i,  i,  pp.  177-182. 

14  Zarncke,  op.  cit.,  pp.  1-48.  For  editions,  see  the  British  Museum 
Catalogue',  Erman  and  Horn,  Bibliographic  der  deutschen  Universitaten, 
i,  pp.  291-292;  Fabricius,  op.  cit.,  Jg.  3,  i,  pp.  99-105;  and  Zarncke, 
op.  cit.,  pp.  221-223.  The  Manuale  Scholarium  has  never  been  trans- 
lated into  any  modern  language. 


INTRODUCTION  13 

adolescent  spirit  of  the  dramatis  personae,  as  well  as  to 
cope  with  the  problem  presented  by  the  bad  Latin  15 
and  the  etymological  vagaries  of  the  unknown  author, 
rather  free  use  has  been  made  of  student  colloquialism. 
The  content  of  the  notes  and  appendix  has  been  re- 
duced to  the  minimum;  only  a  few  typical  statutes 
have  been  selected  from  the  codes  of  Erfurt,  Heidel- 
berg, and  Leipzig,  to  amplify  and  illustrate  the  text. 

15  Zarncke,  op.  ciL,  p.  226:  "His  [the  author's]  Latin  betrays  not 
the  slightest  influence  of  the  works  of  Cicero;  indeed,  it  is  often  so  in- 
correct that  it  can  hardly  be  excused  even  for  the  fifteenth  century. 
Not  only  does  he  unhesitatingly  use  ut  and  the  indirect  interrogatives 
with  the  indicative,  and  often  quod  instead  of  ut  and  vice  versa,  and 
quid  and  quod  instead  of  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive,  etc.,  but 
he  also  interchanges  the  indicative  and  the  subjunctive,  using  par- 
ticularly the  present  subjunctive  and  the  future  indicative  in  parallel 
constructions  (cf.  4, 15 :  sic  nemo  te  arguet  parcitate  et  super flui  sumptus 
evitentur;  43,  18:  ibimus  ad  ecclesiam  atque  audiamus  sermonem,  etc.); 
so  that  one  must  sometimes  suspect  that  the  author  was  more  actively 
interested  in  the  amusements  and  jests  of  student  life,  some  of  which 
he  has  been  able  to  depict  so  vividly  in  the  second  chapter,  than  in  the 
diligent  attendance  upon  academic  lectures,  reviews,  disputations, 
and  exercises." 


The  Manuale  Scholarium 


The  Manuale  Scholarium 


CHAPTER  I 

How  NEW  STUDENTS  SHOULD  ADDRESS  THEIR  MASTERS, 

THAT  THEY  MAY  BE  ENTERED  UPON  THE  REGISTER  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY,  AND  INITIATED 

Student.  Reverend  master,  I  beg  you  to  help  me  to 
be  registered 1  upon  the  roll  of  this  kind  university, 

1  ut  in  matriculant  .  .  .  intituler.  The  terms  matriculation  and 
intitulation  were  interchangeable.  Matriculation,  or  registration,  was 
required  of  all  students. 

Erfurt  statute,  1412  (Aden  der  Erfurter  Universitaet,  ed.  by  J.  C.  H. 
Weissenborn,  ii,  p.  144) :  "Students  should  be  listed  on  the  roll  of  the 
university,  and  should  be  students  in  fact,  and  not  merely  students  in 
name."  Erfurt,  1447  (Aden,  i,  p.  12) :  "The  university  should  have  a 
roll  on  which  to  list  all  who  shall  come  to  Erfurt  for  the  purpose  of 
study,  and  who  wish  to  enjoy  the  privileges  of  the  university  and  be 
considered  members  of  it;  and  no  one  shall  be  enrolled  on  the  same 
unless  he  has  previously  given  his  oath  to  the  rector  of  the  university, 
and  pays  what  he  owes  according  to  the  statutes."  Erfurt,  1447 
(Aden,  i,  p.  13) :  "No  one  shall  be  received  in  any  faculty  unless  he 
shall  first  be  enrolled  and  received  in  the  university;  entrance  on  any 
other  terms  is  worthless  and  void." 

A  Heidelberg  statute  of  1464  required  that  matriculants  be  four- 
teen years  of  age,  at  least.  Urkundenbuch  der  Universitaet  Heidelberg, 
ed.  by  Eduard  Winkelmann,  ii,  p.  49. 

The  customary  matriculation  fee  was  abated  or  remitted  in  the 
cases  of  poor  boys.  See  Heidelberg,  1448  (Urkundenbuch,  ii,  p.  38): 
"The  university  decrees  that  the  fee  of  5  sol.  may  be  remitted  in  the 
case  of  a  matriculant  who  is  notoriously  poor;  in  no  case,  however, 
does  this  apply  to  the  fee  for  the  beadle."  Erfurt,  1447  (Aden,  i, 

17 


1 8  THE  MANUALF  SCHOLARIUM 

and  initiated.2  I've  just  arrived,  and  am  unknown 
here,  and  don't  know  any  one  but  you  to  whom  I  may 
apply  for  assistance. 

Master.  Where  do  you  come  from,  boy? 

Student.  Most  excellent  master,  I  'm  from  Ulm,  and 
before  I  left  home  I  was  advised  to  have  confidence  in 
Your  Lordship.  They  say  that  you  are  the  one  who 

p.  12):  "Whoever  is  matriculated  at  the  university  must  pay  one 
third  of  a  florin,  if  he  can  afford  it,  or  twenty  groschen,  which  we  con- 
sider the  same  in  value.  But  if  he  be  a  noble,  or  hold  rank  as  baron, 
count,  or  greater,  let  him,  for  the  sake  of  his  own  honor,  pay  one 
florin;  prelates,  and  those  desiring  to  be  placed  in  the  first  forms  or 
grades,  must  pay  at  least  half  a  florin.  Likewise,  if  the  matriculant  is 
poor,  he  must  pay  at  least  six  old  groschen,  of  which  three  go  to  the 
treasury  and  three  to  the  servitors  of  the  university."  If  the  mat- 
riculant paid  no  fee,  his  name  was  entered  upon  the  roll  with  the 
qualification  "p"  (pauper),  or  "n.d"  (nihil  dediti 

3  a  beanio  absolvi,  a  variant  of  the  usual  expression  for  initiation: 
depositio  beanii  (in  English,  deposition).  Beanium,  the  state  of  being  a 
beanus  (i.  e.,  a  freshman).  Beanus  (Ducange,  Glossarium  ad  Scriptores 
Mediae  et  Infimae  Latinitatis:  Novellus  Studiosus,  qui  ad  Academiam 
nuper  accessif),  French:  bejaune  (bee  =  jaune),  bejane,  bajan;  Ger- 
man: Gelbschnabel,  Fuchs;  English:  fledgling,  yellow  bill,  greenhorn, 
freshman,  etc.;  Scottish:  bejan;  defined  acrostically :  "Beanus  Est 
Animal  Nesciens  Vitam  Studiosorum  (the  beanus  is  an  animal  igno- 
rant of  the  life  of  students)."  The  beanus  was  often  called  cornutus 
(horned  one),  and  the  initiation,  depositio  cornuum  (the  laying  aside  of 
the  horns,  i.e.,  of  the  freshman's  uncouthness) .  The  initiators  or 
inductors  were  known  as  depositores. 

Cf.  Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum  (Stokes  edition,  pp.  101,  366), 
i,  39:  "In  primo  die  quando  veni  ad  universitatem,  et  deposui  beanium 
(On  the  very  day  when  I  arrived  at  the  university,  and  underwent 
initiation)  ";  and  the  same  (pp.  180,  440),  ii,  22:  "tune  dixi  ei  quod 
...  in  universitate  coloniensi  fuistis  depositor  meus,  quando  deposui 
beanium  .  .  .  (Thereupon  I  told  him  that  ...  at  the  University  of 
Cologne  you  were  my  depositor  when  I  was  initiated  as  a  freshman)." 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  19 

grants  the  various  petitions  that  are  properly  pre- 
sented to  him. 

Master.  Why  did  you  come  here?    Tell  me. 

Student.  To  study. 

Master.  Did  you  come  alone? 

Student.  I  did,  reverend  master.  , 

Master.  Are  your  parents  well  to  do? 

Student.  They're  fairly  well  off;  they  are  trades- 
men. They've  assured  me  that  if  I  apply  myself  to 
study,  they'd  be  willing  to  exercise  every  economy  in 
my  behalf. 

Master.  I  shall  take  you  to  the  rector  immediately. 
Take  care  that  you  are  undaunted.  Do  not  be  too 
frightened,  lest  fear  deprive  you  of  the  power  of 
speech;  be  especially  careful  that  you  take  the  oath 
properly;  and  take  care  lest  your  haste  in  reading 
make  you  stumble.3 

Student.  I'll  do  as  well  as  I  can,  most  worthy  pre- 
ceptor, and  as  my  faculties  permit  me,  but  at  first  I 
can  hardly  help  being  afraid,  as  I've  never  before  been 
among  doctors  and  illustrious  men  of  this  sort.  How- 
ever, I'll  gladly  submit  to  Your  Lordship  as  well  as  my 
bashfulness  allows. 

Master.  I  advise  you  then  to  pay  strict  attention. 

After  the  enrolment,  the  master  says  to  the  student: 
Now  you  are  registered.  Where  do  you  intend  to  have 
your  deposition? 

3  The  entering  student  took  an  oath  to  observe  the  statutes  and 
customs  of  the  university.  See  Appendix,  i,  Oath  of  Matriculants. 


20  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Student.  Reverend  master,  I  leave  that  to  you,  for 
Your  Lordship  knows  better  than  I  where  it  can  best 
be  done,  and  as  I  asked  you  before,  I  beg  that  you 
have  me  in  mind  in  this  matter. 

Master.  Do  you  like  it  in  my  sanctum? 

Student.  Hike  it  so  well,  that  I  don't  think  it  could 
be  more  pleasant  anywhere  else. 

Master.   Shall  I  invite  more  masters  to  be  present? 

Student.  Most  worthy  preceptor,  I  have  but  little 
wealth.  Above  all  I  ask  that  the  collation  be  not  made 
too  expensive^ nor  do  I  wish  that  it  be  spread  too  thin 
and  my  chark:ter  injured,  but  that  moderation  be 
observed  as  wJ|l  as  custom.4 

Master.  I  understand  how  it  is.  I  shall,  therefore, 
call  three  masters,  and  two  bachelors,  and  some  of  my 
associates.5  Thus  no  one  will  accuse  you  of  .parsimony, 
and  excessive  costs  will  be  avoided. 

Student.  Honorable  master,  that  is  most  pleasing 
to  me. 

4  The  collation  provided  by  the  freshman,  after  his  initiation, 
afforded  the  students  another  opportunity  to  impose  upon  him.  See 
the  latter  part  of  the  freshman's  confession  (p.  33):  "Don't  be  nig- 
gardly this  evening,  but  generous  ...  I  have  ordered  him  to  spend 
his  money  freely,  and  forsooth  on  us,  and  he  has  promised  to  regale  us 
all  with  the  best  wine,  to  spend  all  the  money  which  his  father  col- 
lected ...  all  the  money  which  his  mother  had  extracted  from  her 
husband  .  .  ." 

6  et  quosdam  de  sociis  meis.  Hastings  Rashdall,  in  commenting 
upon  this  (The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  ii,  p.  630, 
n.  i),  calls  the  socii  "pupils  or  boarders";  Zarncke,  Die  deutschen 
Universitaten  im  Mittelalter,  p.  228:  "the  socii  are  the  students  whom 
the  master  has  in  his  care." 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  21 

Master.  Bear  it  with  calm  mind  if  any  one  come  and 
annoy  you  with  words,  and  taunt  you;  for  this  the 
ancient  custom  of  admission  has  brought  about,  that 
when  there  is  a  laying  aside  of  the  beanium,  it  may 
appear  at  first  rather  a  severity  than  an  occasion  of 
joy  and  eagerness.  However,  I  will  see  to  it  that  no 
one  oversteps  the  bounds.6 

6  Although  the  deposition  was  recognized  by  the  university,  and 
usually  took  place  under  the  supervision  of  a  master,  or  of  a  depositor 
appointed  by  the  rector,  it  was  characterized  by  its  rough  horse-play. 
Contemporary  accounts,  and  statutes,  indicate  that  it  was  overdone 
in  many  instances,  and  that  the  beanus  was  often  imposed  upon  in  the 
matter  of  the  deposition-fee. 

Vienna,  1385  (Rudolf  Kink,  Geschichte  der  kaiserlichen  Universital 
zu  Wien,  ii,  p.  77) :  "No  one  shall  dare  to  molest  the  entering  students, 
who  are  called  beani,  with  any  kind  of  undue  exactions,  or  to  annoy 
them  with  any  injuries  or  abuse."  Erfurt,  1447  (Aden,  i,  p.  18): 
"There  should  not  be  exacted,  nor  should  any  one  be  permitted  to 
exact,  from  the  beanus  for  the  deposition,  more  than  one  third  of  a 
Rhenish  florin,  if  permission  for  exacting  more  has  not  been  obtained 
from  the  rector  of  the  university  or  the  privy  council."  Greifswald, 
1456  (J.  G.  L.  Kosegarten,  Geschichte  der  Universitat  Greifswald,  ii, 
p.  304):  "The  rectors  of  the  lodgings  should  not  permit  them  (the 
students)  to  exact  and  demand  more  than  one  third  of  a  florin  from 
the  beanus  for  his  deposition.  The  deposition  of  the  beanus  should  be 
held  in  the  colleges  in  the  presence  of  the  directors,  unless  the  one  to 
be  initiated  is  the  son  of  some  resident  of  this  city,  or  has  the  special 
permission  of  the  dean  and  his  assistants."  Leipzig,  1495  (Die  Statu- 
tenbucher  der  Universitat  Leipzig,  ed.  by  Friedrich  Zarncke,  p.  102) : 
"STATUTE  FORBIDDING  ANY  ONE  TO  ANNOY  OR  UNDULY  INJURE  THE 
BEANI.  Each  and  every  one  attached  to  this  university  is  forbidden  to 
offend  with  insult,  torment,  harass,  drench  with  water  or  urine,  throw 
on  or  defile  with  dust  or  any  filth,  mock  by  whistling,  cry  at  them 
with  a  terrifying  voice,  or  dare  to  molest  in  any  way  whatsoever 
physically  or  severely,  in  the  market,  streets,  courts,  colleges  and 
living  houses,  or  any  place  whatsoever,  and  particularly  in  the  present 


22  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Student.  I'll  take  it  not  merely  with  equanimity, 
but  with  the  greatest  equanimity,  most  excellent  pre- 
ceptor. Nevertheless,  I  beseech  your  kindness,  since 
you  keep  me  in  hand,  that  no  one  attack  me  with 
force  and  violence. 

college,  when  they  have  entered  in  order  to  matriculate  or  are  leaving 
after  matriculation,  any,  who  are  called  beani,  who  come  to  this  town 
and  to  this  fostering  university  for  the  purpose  of  study.  Under  the 
penalty  of  five  groschen,"  etc.  So  also  Heidelberg,  1585  (Urkunden- 
buch,  i,  pp.  322-323). 

Brief  accounts  of  the  deposition  are  to  be  found  in,  Aschbach, 
Geschichte  der  Wiener  Universitat,  i,  pp.  66-67;  Gersdorf,  "Beitrag  zur 
Geschichte  der  Universitat  Leipzig"  (see  Bibliography),  pp.  103-110; 
Kaufmann,  Die  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Universitaten,  ii,  pp.  232-233; 
Janssen,  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes  seit  dem  Ausgang  des  Mittel- 
alters,  vii,  pp.  206-208;  Rait,  Life  in  the  Medieval  University,  pp.  109- 
123;  Rashdall,  The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  ii,  pp. 
628-636;  Schulze  and  Ssymank,  Das  deutsche  Studententum  von  den 
aeltesten  Zeiten  bis  zur  Gegenwart,  pp.  56-57;  Raumer,  Geschichte  der 
Padagogik,  iv,  pp.  33-38;  and  Zinck,  "  Studentisches  Leben  in  Leipzig 
zur  Zeit  des  Kurfiirsten  August,"  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Kulturgeschichte, 
Neue  (4)  Folge,  vi,  pp.  194-195.  The  most  satisfactory  study  of  the 
deposition  from  the  sources  is  Oskar  Schade's  "Die  Deposition  auf 
den  Universitaten,"  in  Weimarisches  Jahrbuch  fur  deutsche  Sprache, 
Litteratur,  und  Kunst,  vi,  pp.  315-369.  For  bibliographies  of  the 
literature  of  deposition,  see  Erman  and  Horn,  Bibliographic  der 
deutschen  Universitaten,  i,  nos.  12077-177,  16303;  ii,  nos.  463,  2932, 
3370,  10220,  10966,  11605-608,  13746,  14907,  15734,  16017,  16378; 
Fabricius,  "Die  altesten  gedruckten  Quellen  zur  Geschichte  des 
deutschen  Studententums,"  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Bucherfreunde,  Jg.  3,  i, 
pp.  99-105;  and  Pernwerth  von  Barnstein,  Beitrdge  zur  Geschichte  &* 
Literatur  des  deutschen  Studententhumes ,  pp.  98-101.  Woodcuts  of  de- 
position scenes  are  reproduced  in  Fabricius,  op.  cit.,  p.  101;  Reicke, 
Lehrer  und  Unterrichtswesen  in  der  deutschen  Vergangenheit,  pp.  91, 
92;  Albert  Richter,  Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Kulturgeschichte,  ii, 
P-  37i- 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  23 

Master.  Do  not  fear.  I  shall  protect  you,  and  when 
dinner  is  over  hurry  to  my  sanctum. 

Student.  I'll  do  so,  most  gracious  master,  and 
gladly. 


CHAPTER  II 

CONCERNING  TWO  YOUTHS,  CALLED  CAMILLUS  AND 

BARTOLDUS,  PLAGUING  A  BEANUS;  PRETENDING 

THAT  THEY  DO  NOT  KNOW  HE  IS  A  BEANUS, 

BUT  THAT  HE  IS  AN  OFFENSIVE  SMELL 

Camillas.  What's  the  stink  that's  smelling  up  this 
place?  We  can't  stand  this!  There's  either  been  a 
corpse  rotting  here,  or  a  goat,  filthiest  of  beasts.  Most 
worthy  masters  and  excellent  fellows,  how  can  you  sit 
in  the  midst  of  this  smell?  I  can  hardly  close  my  nose 
to  keep  it  out.  I  must  go.  If  I  stay  any  longer,  I  '11  be- 
come so  infected  that  I'll  faint,  and  hit  the  ground 
head  first.  I'm  off!  Come  on,  Bart. 

Bartoldus.  Stay  a  little  while,  and  we'll  see  where 
this  smell  comes  from. 

Cam.  That 's  a  good  idea.  Look  into  all  the  corners 
of  the  house,  to  see  whether  you  can't  find  out  where 
this  stink,  like  a  hog-pen,  comes  from. 

Bar.  Since  your  reasoning  powers  are  so  keen,  you 
investigate  too. 

Cam.  What  do  I  find  here?  What  sort  of  monster  is 
this?  Beware  how  you  turn  your  eyes  this  way,  Bart; 
you  can't  look  at  it  without  hurting  your  eyes  and 
addling  your  brain;  for  this  beast  is  horned,  has  ears 
like  an  ox,  and  his  teeth,  sticking  out  in  both  directions 
from  his  jaw,  threaten  to  bite  like  a  wild  boar.  He  has 

24 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  25 

a  nose  curved  like  an  owl's  beak,  and  red  and  bleary 
eyes  threatening  rage.  Woe  to  him  whom  he  seizes! 
I  think  he'll  tear  him  to  atoms.  To  be  brief,  you 
surely  remember  having  seen  at  some  time  the  horrible 
figure  of  the  devil?  This  animal  is  much  more  mis- 
shapen than  he.  Let's  get  away  from  here  quickly, 
lest  he  attack  us. 

Bar.  I  will  look,  even  though  I  risk  my  life.  What 
do  you  say,  Cam?  It's  actually  a  beanus. 

Cam.  Do  you  think  it's  a  beanus? 

Bar.  If  I'm  not  entirely  mistaken,  it's  a  beanus, 

Cam.  Never  have  I  laid  eyes  upon  any  beast  that 
shows  such  cruelty  and  savagery  as  this  misshapen 
animal. 

Bar.  Be  quiet  for  a  minute,  I  '11  speak  to  him.  Mas- 
ter John,  when  did  you  come  here?  Why,  you're  a 
fellow-countryman  of  mine;  shake  hands.  What, 
beast!1  Would  you  scratch  me  with  your  claws?  I 
won't  receive  you  unless  I'm  completely  covered  with 
armor.  What  are  you  sitting  for,  ass?  Don't  you  see 
the  masters  present,  venerable  men,  in  whose  presence 
it's  proper  to  stand?  Oh  good  God,  he  stands  as  stiff 
as  a  rod,  and  is  not  embarrassed  although  all  eyes  are 
fixed  upon  him.  Look,  all  of  you,  see  how  easily  he's 
exhausted!  he  has  weak  legs.  A  moment  ago  he  stood 
up,  now  he  bends  again  like  a  little  old  woman  bowed 
with  age.  See  how  he  draws  in  his  neck! 

Cam.  You  haven't  any  pity  in  you.  By  what  right 
do  you  annoy  him  this  way?  I  won't  permit  any  more 
1  furcifer,  literally  "rascal." 


26  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

of  it,  for  he's  a  fellow-countryman  of  mine.  John, 
cheer  up!  I'll  defend  you.  Have  a  glass,  and  take 
courage  after  this  annoyance.  O  you  stupid  boor, 
aren't  you  afraid  to  touch  the  glass?  Would  you  dip 
your  venomous  beak,  more  poisonous  than  the  basilisk 
which  kills  with  a  glance,  into  the  cup  from  which 
your  learned  masters  are  now  drinking?  Don't  you 
long  to  taste  the  wine  —  such  sweet  wine,  too?  You 
ought  to  drink  water,  muddy  water,  at  the  brook  with 
the  cattle.  Stick  in  your  crooked  snout  there,  like  a 
quadruped,  quench  your  raging  thirst,  and  like  a  pack- 
horse  worn  out  by  the  day's  work,  draw  in  the  water 
with  your  swollen  lips. 

Bar.  Stop,  that's  enough.  Do  you  think  it  a  small 
matter  for  a  most  tenderly  reared  youth  to  be  treated 
like  an  ox?  What  if  his  mother  should  know  this, 
whose  only  darling  he  is?  What  tears  she  would  weep, 
what  misery  her  heart  would  feel!  If  he  ran  the  risk  of 
a  violent  death,  he  could  hardly  endure  greater  suffer- 
ing. Come,  look  at  his  face.  Isn't  he  weeping?  Cer- 
tainly his  eyes  are  wet.  When  he  heard  his  mother's 
name  mentioned,  he  was  moved,  and  said  to  his  com- 
rade, whom  he  brought  with  him  from  home,  that, 
when  this  thing  was  completed,  he  should  on  his  return 
take  back  a  message  to  his  parents:  "Is  this  what  you 
tell  me?  I  wish  that  misfortune  had  come  upon  you! 
I'd  let  the  devil  take  the  university  before  I'd  go  to  it. 
They're  so  proud  in  the  university  that  no  one  knows 
how  to  get  along  with  them,  and  they  speak  such 
wonderful  Latin  that  I  don't  know  what  they  are 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  27 

talking  about."  O  beanus,  O  ass,  O  foul  goat,  O  evil- 
smelling  she-goat,  0  toad,  0  cipher,  O  shape  of  noth- 
ing, O  thou  absolute  nonentity!  May  the  devil  smear 
you  with  filth  and  anoint  your  belly  and  feet ! 2  What 
sort  of  answer  is  this?  You  don't  answer,  you  only 
mumble;  you  don't  speak  Latin,  but  just  stammer. 
But  perhaps  this  is  due  to  his  mental  disturbance  and 
violent  emotion. 

Cam.  What  are  we  to  do  with  him,  anyway? 

Bar.  That's  a  stupid  question.  There 's  a  great  deal 
to  be  done,  for  I  think  he  has  hastened  here  with  the 
intention  of  being  purged  of  this  uncouthness,  and 
finally  joining  the  praiseworthy  society  of  students. 
First,  I  intend  to  summon  a  physician.  Ah!  What  do 
I  say?  You  are  highly  skilled  and  well  versed  in  med- 
icine, Cam.  You  know,  of  course,  how  the  horns  are 
removed  from  the  bacchants  who  are  insane,  and  after- 
wards the  teeth  are  pulled  out.  But,  as  is  customary, 
their  ears  are  shortened  with  knives;  and  we  cure  their 
weak  eyes.  Look  at  those  hairs  sticking  from  his  nose ! 
See  that  you  draw  those  out  first.  But  it'll  be  difficult 
to  cut  so  long  and  so  bristling  a  beard;  however,  since 
you  have  a  very  sharp  razor  made  of  an  oak  splinter, 
you'll  spruce  him  up  elaborately.  Then  he  confesses 
his  crimes.  Finally,  he  '11  be  rid  of  that  offensive  smell 
by  the  venerable  masters,  and  made  a  member  of  our 
fellowship. 

Cam.  That's  good  ad  vice.  But  you  know,  of  course, 
that  such  a  profitable  task  can't  be  accomplished  with- 

2  Quod,  tibi  dyabolus  permerdat  et  mingat  tibi  super  tuum  venter  el  pes! 


28  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

out  great  labor  and  danger  to  me.  John,  my  friend, 
wait  a  little,  I  go  to  get  my  instruments,  and  I'll  rid 
you  of  this  insanity.  Bart,  see  that  you  comfort  him 
meanwhile,  for  I  'm  off  now,  and  will  return  shortly. 

Bar.  I'll  do  it,  and  very  gladly.  John,  take  heart, 
and  be  happy.  Now  the  health-bringing  time  ar> 
proaches,  for  you  will  be  cleansed  of  all  indisposition, 
both  of  body  and  mind;  and  you'll  be  made  a  sharer  of 
all  the  privileges  of  our  university.  Don't  be  grieved 
because  your  physician  isn't  here;  he'll  surely  come 
back  soon.  I  think  he  has  gone  to  the  apothecary,  to 
get  some  little  pills  made  from  melampus  flowers  and 
Greek  White,3  so  that  there  would  be  a  remedy  for  you 
in  case  some  weakness  should  assail  you  in  this  treat- 
ment. Look,  here  is  our  Camillus.  I  marvel,  Cam,  at 
the  speed  you  make;  how  quickly  you  have  returned. 
Didn't  you  go  to  the  apothecary? 

Cam.  I  did. 

Bar.  What  luck  did  you  have? 

Cam.  I  got  a  salve,  so  that  if  our  patient  can't  bear 
the  strength  of  our  medicine,  I  may  anoint  his  nose 
and  mouth. 

Bar.  What  sort  of  ointment  is  it? 

3  arbitror  ipsum  profectum  ad  apothecam  atque  illic  emere  pillulas 
factas  exfloribus  melampi  alboque  graeco. 

floribus  melampi  may  refer  to  the  herb  melampodium,  discovered  by 
the  legendary  Greek  physician  Melampus.  The  reader  familiar  with 
medieval  colloquialism  will  recall  another  translation  for  this. 

"Alb.  graec:  a  popular  medieval  remedy,  made  of  the  chalky 
excreta  of  hyenas  and  other  carnivora."  Epistolae  Obscurorum  Vi- 
rorum,  Stokes  edition,  p.  87,  n.  67. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  29 

Cam.  A  little  fat  pressed  from  fabis  hircorum,  and 
water  distilled  from  fimo  mrgineo,  seasoned  with 
flowers  that  bloom  at  midnight  when  the  peasants 
have  drunk  mead  during  the  day.4 

Bar.  A  most  precious  medicine,  indeed,  for  this 
man. 

Cam.  First,  I'll  get  rid  of  his  horns.  Bart,  hand  me 
the  saw.  Little  ass,  would  you  fight  against  your 
physician? 

Bar.  Check  his  attack,  and  restrain  him  like  an 
intractable  horse.  Take  care  that  he  doesn't  strike 
you  with  his  cruel  hoofs,  or  injure  you  with  his  horned 
head. 

Cam.  How  hard  and  deeply  rooted  are  these  horns ! 
Look,  the  saw  is  broken,  and  almost  all  of  its  rotten 
teeth  shattered.  Now  look  at  your  horns,  violent 
beast!  Before  this  you  couldn't  see  them,  and  didn't 
believe  us. 

Bar.  Good  God!  there  isn't  an  ox  or  wild  beast  of 
the  field  whose  head  would  be  burdened  by  so  great  a 
mass. 

Cam.  What  did  I  do  with  the  forceps? 

Bar.  Here  they  are. 

Cam.  Hold  out  your  mouth!  Bart,  here's  one  tooth, 
and  now  you  have  another. 

Bar.  I'll  preserve  those  teeth,  and  some  time  I'll 
put  them  on  exhibition  as  something  worth  looking  at; 

4  Pinguedo  nonnulla,  extorsa  ex  fabis  hircorum,  et  aqua,  destillata  e 
fimo  virgineo. 


30  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

I'll  extract  money  from  those  who  gaze  at  them,  like, 
those  who  bring  in  sea  monsters. 

Cam.  Bring  a  basin,  pour  some  water  into  it,  and 
put  in  some  fragrant  herbs,  so  that  his  beard  may  be 
dipped  into  it,  and  then  he  '11  be  shaved. 

Bar .  They  're  all  ready. 

Cam.  What  sort  of  herbs  did  you  put  into  it? 

Bar.  I  'm  not  certain  what  they  are  called,  for  they 
grow  in  the  garden  where  the  sewer  5  has  its  outlet. 

Cam.  Quite  right!  Hold  your  chin  still,  and  don't 
move.  The  beard  is  soaked  enough.  But  where  is  the 
razor? 

Bar.  Beside  you  on  the  bench. 

Cam.  John,  look  at  your  beard;  it's  as  black  as  the 
apostle's  who  betrayed  Christ.  I  believe  you  are  to  be 
trusted,  and  as  the  proverb  says,  they  are  prudent 
guests  who  remove  their  things  when  you  enter  the 
inn. 

Bar.  He  grows  faint;  he  hasn't  been  accustomed  to 
endure  such  rough  surgery. 

Cam.  You're  right,  for  his  expression  has  changed, 
and  he  doesn't  keep  a  natural  color.  That's  a  sign  of 
weakness.  Now  apply  the  ointment. 

Bar.  Didn't  you  get  some  pills? 

Cam.  I  forgot.  Run  quickly  to  our  stable  and  get 
some,  for  the  apothecary  is  too  far  away. 

Bar.  I  will. 

Cam.  Take  heart,  come  to  yourself,  and  pay  atten- 
tion; I  know  that  the  pills  for  which  Bart  has  gone, 
will  be  very  good  for  you.   See,  there  he  comes. 
6  cloaca. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  31 

Bar.  Take  a  handful. 

Cam.  I  see  that  our  medicine  is  of  very  little  use. 
In  case  he  should  die  on  our  hands,  it  would  be  well  for 
him  to  make  a  confession.  Just  look  at  his  expression, 
see  it  now!  Unless  care  is  taken,  his  spirit  will  flee 
these  limbs.  At  this  very  moment,  half  alive,  with 
bending  knees,  he  sways  about  strangely,  disturbing 
us  all.  Bart,  consult  the  men  expert  in  this  matter  and 
who  can  easily  come  to  our  assistance,  so  that  this 
noise  may  not  deafen  us. 

Bar.  I  '11  do  so,  but  I  have  a  plan,  which,  unless  my 
expectation  fails,  will  entirely  cure  him  of  all  his 
infirmity. 

Cam.  Produce  it,  Bart,  for  you  see  how  ugly  he 
appears  now. 

Bar.  I  think  it  would  be  the  best  medicine  for  him 
if  he  were  to  be  hung  up  by  a  rope  for  a  little  while  in 
the  sewer6  of  our  lodging  house,  which  produces  a 
powerful  exhalation.  If  he  is  lulled  to  sleep,  even 
though  for  a  short  time,  he'll  be  restored  to  health  at 
once. 

Cam.  But  I  want  him  to  confess,  first. 

Bar.  I'm  in  holy  orders;  that'll  be  my  care.  But 
where  did  I  lay  my  surplice? 

Cam.  Look  behind  you. 

Bar.  Now  begin,  friend  John,  to  confess  all  your 

sins,  and  you'll  surely  be  saved.    What  do  I  hear? 

Did  you  steal  geese  and  chickens  every  day  from  the 

peasants?    Oh,  terrible  crime!    What  more?    Say  it 

6  cloaca. 


32  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

without  fear.  But  this  a  more  serious  crime.  Was  she 
a  virgin  before  you  violated  her?  Consider  well.  It  is 
a  great  crime,  in  the  first  place,  because  you  have 
violated  a  virgin;  secondly,  because  she  was  your 
father's  servant;  and  next,  when  she  bore  a  child,  you 
swore  that  you  didn't  do  it,  and  so  you  became  a 
perjurer.  And  lastly,  I'm  especially  grieved  at  what 
you've  done  here  where  your  peers  are  conducting  a 
rite,  and  that  you've  been  so  shameless,  for  you've 
committed  this  fault  before  the  eyes  of  your  peers.7 
But  since  indulgence  ought  not  to  be  refused  to  one 
truly  confessing,  while  a  pious  confessor  such  as  I  am 
ought  to  inflict  penance,  this  shall  be  your  penance: 
for  these  and  other  sins,  and  your  horrible  offensive 
smell,  you  must  refresh  your  masters  with  a  generous 
dinner.  Your  masters,  I  say,  whom  henceforth  you 
are  bound  to  cherish  and  honor  in  recompense  for  the 
humanity  and  benevolence  that  they  will  show  you; 
and  also  the  high  confessor  and  keeper  of  your  soul, 
and  in  like  manner  the  physician  of  your  body,  who 

7  postremo  maximum  censeo,  quod  in  eo  loco  peregisti,  ubi  equi 
sacrificium  habent,  et  quodfueris  impudicus:  nam  perpetrasti  videntibus 
equis.  The  context  of  the  confession  clearly  indicates  that  equus 
should  be  translated  as  aequus.  Unfortunately  (for  Dr.  Schultz,  who 
translated  this  section  of  the  Manuale  in  his  Deutsches  Leben  im  xiv. 
und  xv.  Jahrhunderf)  this  escaped  the  notice  of  Zarncke;  he  made  no 
reference  to  it  in  his  notes.  Schultz  (i,  p.  208)  fell  into  an  old  error 
when  he  rendered  this  sentence  as:  "Endlich  halte  ich  es  fur  die 
grosste  Siinde,  dass  du  es  an  einem  Ort  vollbrachtest,  wo  die  Pferde 
ihre  Opferstatte  haben,  und  dass  du  schamlos  warst,  denn  du  hast  es 
im  Angesicht  der  Pferde  gethan."  The  Romans  themselves  made  this 
mistake  in  conversation.  Pompeius  and  other  grammarians  com- 
plained of  it. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  33 

in  this  very  hour,  with  precious  medicines,  comes 
speedily  to  assist  you  in  your  extreme  need.  And  so 
you  '11  appease  them  with  rich  refreshment  and  drink. 
Don't  be  niggardly  this  evening,  but  generous.  Bid  the 
servant  bring  in  some  of  the  better  wine,  so  that  by  its 
virtue  our  weakened  parts  may  be  revived.  I  have 
authority  only  to  give  penance,  and  not  to  pardon; 
wherefore  I  send  you  to  the  masters,  who  have  this 
power  of  pardoning.  —  Reverend  master,  this  is  a  very 
great  sinner;  he  has  committed  unmentionable  crimes. 
I  have  been  given  authority  to  enjoin  penance;  I  have 
done  so;  I  have  ordered  him  to  spend  his  money 
freely,  and  forsooth  on  us,  and  he  has  promised  to 
regale  us  all  with  the  best  wine,  to  spend  all  the  money 
that  his  father  collected  from  the  Tusculan  field,  all 
the  money  that  his  mother  had  extracted  from  her 
husband  and  hidden  in  a  certain  hoard.  Now  go  to  the 
master,  John,  and  you'll  receive  his  forgiveness. 

After  the  deposition,  all  will  approach  and  say:  Good 
luck  to  you,  John! 


CHAPTER  III 

How  THE  STUDENTS  TALK  ABOUT  THE 
EXERCISES  AND  LECTURES 

Cam.  Bart,  do  you  know  how  many  lectures  and 
exercises  it's  necessary  to  complete  for  the  bachelor's 
degree? 

Bar.  I  know  very  well,  for  there  are  nine  lectures 
and  six  exercises.1 

1  The  nine  lectures  were:  tractatus  Petri  Hispani,  Priscianus 
brevior,  vetus  ars,  libri  priorum,  posteriorum,  elenchorum,  physicorum,  de 
anima,  sphaera  materialis;  the  six  exercises:  vetus  ars,  libri  parwrum 
logicalium,  sophistriae  vel  parvorum  logicalium  loco  sophistriae,  novae 
logicae,  physicorum,  de  anima.  Zarncke,  Die  deutschen  Universitaten 
im  Mittelalter,  p.  228.  See  Leipzig,  1410  (Statutenbucher,  p.  311); 
Leipzig,  1499  (ibid.,  p.  464);  Zarncke,  "Die  urkundlichen  Quellen  zur 
Geschichte  der  UniversitSt  Leipzig,"  p.  862. 

Leipzig,  1436  (Statutenbucher,  p.  326):  "  BOOKS  FOR  THE  BACH- 
ELOR'S DEGREE.  The  books  for  the  bachelor's  degree  are:  tractatus 
Petrus  Hispani,  Priscianus  brevior,  vetus  ars,  priorum,  posteriorum, 
elencorum,  phisicorum,  de  anima,  spera  materialis,  Donatus  minor  or 
the  second  part  of  Florista,  algorismus  and  computus  and  some  book  in 
rhetoric."  See  Leipzig,  1447  (Statutenbucher,  p.  346):  "  BOOKS  PER- 
TAINING TO  THE  BACHELOR'S  DEGREE";  1507  (ibid.,  p.  490):  "BOOKS 
TO  BE  HEARD  TOR  THE  BACHELOR'S  DEGREE,"  and  "EXERCISES  TO  BE 
HEARD  FOR  THE  BACHELOR'S  DEGREE." 

Leipzig,  1436  (Statutenbucher,  p.  327) :  "EXERCISES  PERTAINING  TO 
THE  BACHELOR'S  DEGREE.  No  one  should  be  admitted  to  the  exam- 
ination for  the  baccalaureate  in  arts,  unless  he  has  been  present  in  the 
folio  whig  exercises:  once  in  the  parva  logicalia  at  least,  once  in  the 
sophistria,  twice  in  the  vetus  ars,  once  in  the  nova  logica,  once  in  the 
physica,  and  once  in  the  de  anima.  And  he  may  not  have  more  than 

34 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  35 

Cam.  How  are  they  completed,  do  you  know? 

Bar.  Why  not?  The  lectures  and  exercises  are  in 
three  parts,  and  so  it  is  possible  to  complete  them  en- 
tirely in  three  terms,  that  is  in  the  space  of  a  year  and  a 
half.2  Namely,  whoever  would  be  quickly  promoted 
must  in  each  term  attend  and  hear  three  lectures  and 
two  exercises. 

Cam.  How  do  you  know? 

Bar.  Well,  I  know  it,  because  I've  heard  it  from 
many  bachelors  who  know  well. 

Cam.  I  intend  to  go  along  with  you  to  hear  these 
books,  when  you  're  ready  to  satisfy  this  requirement. 
But  listen,  there 's  one  thing  I  want  to  know  from  you. 

two  exercises  at  one  time,  except  the  sophistria,  which  he  may  have  as 
a  third."  See  Statutenbucher,  pp.  346,  405,  410,  464.  See  also  Appen- 
dix, 2,  infra. 

For  comments  on  the  course  of  study,  see  Aschbach,  Geschichte  der 
Wiener  Universitat,  i,  pp.  85  ff.;  Rait,  Life  in  the  Medieval  University, 
chapter  viii;  Reicke,  Lehrer  und  Unterrichtswesen  in  der  deutschen 
Vergangenheit,  p.  38;  Schultz,  Deutsches  Leben  im  xrv.  und  xv. 
Jahrhundert,  i,  p.  209;  Die  Grenzboten,  Jg.  25  (Leipzig,  1866),  i,  pp. 
462-463;  ii,  pp.  211-212. 

2  Leipzig,  1417  (Statutenbucher,  p.  314):  "No  one  should  be  pro- 
moted to  the  bachelor's  degree,  who  has  not  first  been  in  another 
university,  unless  he  has  been  in  this  university  at  least  until  about 
the  middle  of  the  second  year;  and  this  'about'  shall  not  permit 
reduction  by  more  than  six  weeks."  Heidelberg,  "  Aelteste  Fakultats- 
statuten"  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  34):  "Every  one  shall  swear  that  he 
has  been  in  attendance  at  this  university  or  at  some  other  privileged 
university  for  at  least  one  full  year  and  a  half,  which  must  be  spent  in 
the  continual  hearing  of  books." 

Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum  (Stokes  edition,  p.  485),  ii,  46:  "In 
those  days  (mid-fifteenth  century)  the  University  (Leipzig)  was  in 
full  bloom;  and  when  a  student  had  resided  for  a  year  and  a  half  he 
was  made  Bachelor." 


36  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

They  say  that  if  we  shall  have  been  at  the  beginning 
and  end  of  the  lectures,  it 's  enough  for  completion,  and 
if  we  wish,  we  may  attend  three  or  four  times  in  the 
middle. 

Bar.  Why  so?  What  sort  of  a  completion  would 
that  be? 

Cam.  They  say  that  we  learn  nothing  in  the  lec- 
tures, especially  in  the  higher  books,  namely  of  physics 
and  the  like,  but  when  the  time  comes  for  promotion, 
it'll  be  given  to  us. 

Bar.  You're  greatly  mistaken,  for  the  masters  of 
the  faculty  of  arts  have  decided  that  it's  necessary  for 
each  one,  before  he  is  admitted,  to  declare  on  oath  how 
he  has  listened  and  how  often  he  has  been  absent. 

-  -« 

Previously,  many  were  promoted  who  had  rarely  been 
in  the  lectures,  paying  big  money  for  fines;  but  our 
teachers  noted  the  looseness  of  the  students,  and  that 
none  or  few  learned  anything.  Now  they've  decided 
that  each  one  must  listen  and  complete  the  work  most 
carefully,  and  they  enjoin  the  lecturers  that  their  lec- 
tures be  useful  to  us,  so  that  we  may  get  something 
out  of  them.8 

3  The  statutes  were  very  definite  in  their  requirement  of  diligent 
attendance.  Leipzig,  1436  (Statutenbucher,  p.  328):  "THE  MODE  OF 
HEARING.  The  mode  of  hearing  is  this:  whoever  is  hearing  any  lec- 
tures for  any  degree  in  arts,  except  mathematics,  logica  Hesbri,  and 
the  de  politica,  shall  be  bound  to  hear  them,  in  the  book  which  is  read, 
with  care;  and  he  shall  not  neglect  three  successive  lectures  without 
reasonable  cause,  nor  have  two  lectures  at  the  same  hour,  on  penalty 
of  not  having  such  books  counted  (toward  the  degree) ,  either  wholly 
or  in  part.  The  same  to  be  understood  concerning  exercises."  See 
also  Statutenbucher,  pp.  347,  411,  473,  491;  Leipzig,  1471-1490  (ibid., 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  37 

Cam.  It's  rather  dull  and  tiresome,  so  to  speak,  to 
be  present  all  the  time.   I'm  afraid  I'll  never  do  it. 


Bar.  If  you  want  to  be  promoted,  you  can't  avoid  it. 

Cam.  I'll  say  I  was  present. 

Bar.  Then  you  '11  be  a  liar.  But  you  have  a  healthy 
complexion,  and  the  lie  won't  show  on  your  face. 

Cam.  Enough  of  this.  Tell  me,  which  teachers  shall 
we  hear? 

Bar.  I  saw  it  announced  today  that  Master  Jodocus 
will  read  the  libri  elenchorum  near  the  door  of  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Ghost  at  eleven  o'clock;  and  in  the 
morning,  I  believe,  but  at  twelve  o'clock,  at  the  same 
place,  we  shall  hear  the  libri  physicorum  from  Master 

p.  421) :  "THE  MODE  or  ATTENDING  LECTURES  AND  EXERCISES.  It  is 
decreed  that  no  one  neglect  three  successive  lectures.  ..." 

Leipzig,  1436  (Statutenbucher,  p.  331):  "THE  MODE  OF  ADMISSION 
TO  THE  EXAMINATION  OR  TEST.  No  one  shall  be  admitted  to  the 
examination  or  test,  unless  he  shall  say,  on  his  conscience,  in  the 
presence  of  the  masters,  at  the  time  of  the  examination,  that  he  has 
diligently  heard  his  lectures  and  exercises,  with  opened  texts,  accord- 
ing to  the  statute  provided;  that  he  has  not  neglected  three  successive 
lectures,  or  three  successive  exercises;  and  that  he  has  not  gone  out 
before  the  end  of  the  lecture  or  exercise,  without  reasonable  cause; 
and  that  he  has  not  had  two  lectures  or  two  exercises  at  the  same 
hour;  and  that  he  has  satisfied  every  master  from  whom  he  has  heard 
the  lecture  or  exercise,  according  to  the  statute  provided."  Erfurt, 
1412?  (Aden,  ii,  p.  135):  "No  one  should  be  admitted  to  the  bach- 
elor's examination  unless  he  has  heard  the  exercises  and  lectures 
according  to  the  regulations  of  the  faculty."  See  also  the  same,  p.  145. 
Heidelberg,  1444  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  153):  "The  faculty  decrees 
that  bachelors  and  students,  at  the  time  of  registration  for  the  test  or 
examination,  shall  be  made  to  state  under  oath  the  number  of  lectures 
neglected  by  them.  .  .  ."  Heidelberg,  1458  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p. 
175).  See  Appendix  3. 


38  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Peter;  and  after  noon  a  lecture  will  be  given  by  Master 
James  in  the  school  room  on  the  libri  de  anima. 

Cam.  You  tell  it  straight.  I'll  remember  these 
things,  so  that  when  you  wish  to  go,  I  may  be  ready. 
Now  what  do  you  know  about  the  exercises? 

Bar.  My  teacher  will  discuss  the  parva  logicalia  at 
his  home.  I'll  be  there,  and  Master  John  will  discuss 
the  ars  vetus,  to  which  I  '11  apply  myself. 

Cam.  That's  a  good  idea.   And  what  reviews  shall/' 
we  hear? 4 

Bar.  I  haven't  decided  yet,  but  I'll  conduct  a 
diligent  investigation.  There  are  many  who  think  that 
students  get  more  from  the  reviews  than  from  either 
lectures  or  exercises.  If  our  master  should  review 
something,  I  surely  wouldn't  neglect  it,  for  he's  very 

4  Leipzig,  1483  (Statuteribucher,  pp.  394-395):  "THE  MODE  OF  RE- 
VIEWING. It  has  been  decreed  that  all  public  reviews,  by  whomsoever 
they  are  made,  should  be  held  with  the  permission  of  the  dean  and 
seniors,  and  by  means  of  examinations,  so  that  the  students  may  be 
diligently  examined  and  heard,  in  order  that  their  ignorance  may  be 
remedied.  If,  however,  the  one  conducting  a  review  wishes  to  give 
any  information  to  the  students,  let  him  do  so  on  the  day  following  the 
examination,  on  penalty  of  being  deprived  of  the  fee  for  the  review 
and  suspended  from  faculty  privileges  and  emoluments  for  one  year." 
Leipzig,  1496  (Statuteribilcher,  p.  24):  "CONCERNING  CERTAIN  RE- 
VIEWERS TO  BE  DEPUTED  BY  THE  FACULTY  OF  ARTS.  .  .  .  And  no 

candidate  for  the  bachelor's  degree,  except  those  who  have  a  residence 
in  the  paedagogium,  who  are  provided  with  such  reviews  by  the  con- 
ventors  in  that  place,  shall  be  admitted  to  the  examination,  unless  he 
shall  have  diligently  heard  these  reviews  in  grammar,  logic,  rhetoric, 
and  natural  philosophy,  at  least  once."  See  Rait,  Life  in  the  Medieval 
University,  pp.  144-145;  Rashdall,  The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  ii,  p.  649. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  39 

eloquent  and  persuasive;  when  he  explains  something, 
it's  just  as  clear  as  if  it  were  being  done. 

Cam.  I've  the  same  opinion  about  the  matter.  I 
haven't  seen  any  teacher  who  can  explain  so  beauti- 
fully and  clearly  a  thing  hidden  and  particularly  ob- 
scure, and  give  the  elements  of  a  subject  so  easily  to 
beginners.  I  ask  you,  Bart,  to  arrange  things  so  that 
nothing  will  keep  us  from  being  present  at  his  reviews 
always  and  with  quite  a  crowd. 

Bar.  I '11  do  so,  and  gladly;  that 's  what  I  want  very 
much  to  have  from  you. 

Cam.  Then  let  it  be  done.  I  must  go  now.  Save 
what  you  have  to  say.  So  long,  Bart. 

Bar.   So  long,  Cam.5 

8  The  colloquialism  "So  long"  will  be  used  instead  of  "Farewell" 
or  "Good  by." 


CHAPTER  IV 

A  DISCUSSION  OF  METHODS  AND  COURSES 
OF  STUDY 

Cam.  You  praised  this  teacher  to  the  sky,  and  yet 
he 's  a  nominalist.1 

Bar.  What  of  it? 

Cam.   I  won't  hear  anything  from  him  then. 

Bar.  You're  more  foolish  than  he,  if  you  scorn  in- 
struction. Not  only  the  realists,  but  even  the  nom- 
inalists have  attained  to  a  great  part  of  philosophy. 

Cam.  But  they're  so  steeped  in  fallacies  that  they 
reject  true  teaching. 

1  modernus  est.  Via  moderna,  nominalism;  moderni,  nominalists. 
Via  antiqua,  realism;  antiqui,  realists.  For  the  struggle  between  the 
antiqui  and  moderni  in  the  universities,  see  Kaufmann,  Die  Geschichte 
der  deutschen  Universitaten,  ii,  pp.  357-362;  and  Prantl,  Geschichte  der 
Logik,  iv,  pp.  185-195. 

Nominalism  prevailed  at  Heidelberg  until  1452,  when  both  viae 
were  put  upon  an  equal  footing.  See  Heidelberg  statute,  1452  (Urkun- 
denbuch,  i,  p.  165) :  "To  all  and  singular  attached  to  our  university,  we 
strictly  forbid  that  any  one  detract  disparagingly  from  realism  or 
nominalism,  or  from  the  representatives  of  either  of  these  anywhere,  or 
say  anything  with  contumely,  or  in  any  way  that  may  redound  to  the 
prejudice  of  either  of  the  said  methods  and  their  representatives,  on 
penalty  to  be  imposed  by  us  according  to  the  degree  of  his  offence. 
Likewise,  we  forbid  any  one,  by  word  or  deed,  to  prevent  the  students 
from  being  able  freely  to  attend  and  hear  lectures  or  disputations  of 
any  master  whatsoever  of  the  present  faculty,  whether  on  realism  or 
nominalism."  See  also  Heidelberg,  1545  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  173), 
1481  (ibid.,  \,  p.  193)- 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  41 

Bar.  You  commit  an  offence  against  truth,  for  ex- 
ceedingly learned  men  are  found  among  the  nom- 
inalists. Haven't  you  heard  that  in  certain  countries 
they  have  whole  universities,  as  at  Vienna,  Erfurt, 
and  as  once  it  was  here?  Don't  you  think  they  were 
learned  and  good  here?  And  they're  still  found  in 
our  day. 

Cam.  I  know  they  are.  I  know  it,  but  their  reputa- 
tion is  small.  They  exert  themselves  only  in  the  parva 
logicalia 2  and  in  sophistical  opinions. 

Bar.  You're  wrong,  for  they  are  famous  in  argu- 
mentation. You  won't  find  students  of  the  arts  who 
know  syllogisms  and  the  other  forms  of  arguments 
better  than  the  nominalists. 

Cam.  But  they  know  nothing  of  true  science. 

Bar.  What  true  science  do  you  mean? 

Cam.  The  praedicabilia  of  Porphyry,  and  the 
categoriae  of  Aristotle,  of  which  they  know  little  or 
nothing. 

Bar.  It's  unbecoming  of  you  to  say  such  things.  It 
would  be  disgraceful  for  such  famous  men  not  to  know 
those  things.  Consider  the  rules  of  the  consequentiae 
in  which  they  are  thoroughly  practiced;  they  observe 
the  form  of  argument  and  of  the  syllogism,  and  since 
universal  truths  are  the  bases  of  argumentation,  they 
must  necessarily  know  them,  otherwise  they  would 

2  The  parva  logicalia  was  often  presented  in  separate  lectures,  under 
the  following  titles:  Suppositions,  Relationes,  Ampliationes,  Appela- 
tiones,  Restrictiones ,  Distributiones,  Syncategoremata,  Obligatoria,  In- 
solubilia,  Consequentiae.  As  to  the  Obligatoria  and  Insolubilia,  see 
Prantl,  op.  cit.,  iv,  pp.  40  ff.,  193. 


42  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

accomplish  nothing  in  any  argumentation.  But  this  is 
important:  they  have  a  different  method  of  teaching 
than  the  realists.  If  we  listen  attentively,  we'll  get  a 
great  deal  out  of  their  teaching. 

Cam.  Bart,  explain  to  me  what  advantage  there  is 
then  in  the  method  of  the  nominalists. 

Bar.  I  '11  show  you  so  far  as  I  feel  disposed.  But  I 
want  you  to  understand  one  thing.  I  don't  accept 
their  doctrine  so  eagerly  as  I  do  that  of  the  realists,  but 
I  think  that  no  one's  doctrine  ought  to  be  despised. 
So,  give  me  your  attention,  and  remember  what  I  say. 
First,  one  thing  which,  I  think,  will  be  useful  in  the 
method  of  the  nominalists  is  that  we  learn  from  them 
the  value  of  premises,  in  which  they  are  deeply  versed 
-very  skilful  in  the  expression  of  thoughts  —  and 
they  understand,  of  course,  the  insolubilia  and  the 
oUigatoria,  and  they  are  well  versed  in  methods  of 
conversions  in  the  case  of  rare  forms  of  the  syllogism 
by  means  of  which  they  occasion  to  those  not  so  well 
versed  in  them  the  greatest  embarrassment;  then, 
also,  they  know  admirably  the  hypothetical  cases  that 
are  valid,  and  the  method  to  use  in  them;  and  you 
won't  find  among  the  dialecticians  any  who  can  speak 
as  clearly  as  they  do  in  their  statements  of  syllogisms. 
This  we  think  has  some  value  in  the  things  that  con- 
cern the  terms,  such  as  the  suppositiones  and  amplia- 
tiones,  and  the  propositions  that  can  be  expounded, 
and  lately  many  paralogisms  which  are  pretty  fine; 
and  in  this  way,  in  the  midst  of  the  argument,  the 
mouth  of  the  respondent  is  quickly  shut,  no  matter 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  43 

how  violent  he  may  have  been.  Here  you  have  some- 
thing of  use,  and  considerably  so  I  think. 

Cam.  It  is  as  you  say,  but  I  don't  care  to  spend  my 
life  in  these  sophistical  and  quibbling  discussions. 

Bar.  Do  as  you  please. 


Cam.  I  know  a  master  who  imitates  Albert,  whom 
they  call  the  great  doctor.3  I'll  follow  his  teaching. 

Bar.  Do  you  think  that  St.  Thomas  is  less? 

Cam.  I  don't  know.  The  name  of  Albert  is  mere 
illustrious. 

Bar.  Certainly  not,  for  St.  Thomas  is  a  saint.4 

Cam.  Certain  it  is,  that  there  were  many  saints 
who  excelled  merely  in  their  simplicity.  If  my  guess 
is  right,  they  attained  their  sanctity  from  devotion  and 
fasting,  abstinence,  etc.,  while  Master  Albert  achieved 
the  name  of  great  because  of  his  excellence  in  science.5 

3  Albertus  Magnus  (1193-1280)  was  called  doctor  universalis. 

4  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (c.  1225-1274)  was  known  as  the  doctor 
sanctus,  and  doctor  angelicus.    St.  Thomas  Aquinas  and  Albertus 
Magnus  were  among  the  leading  exponents  of  Aristotelian  realism 
(unwersalia  sunt  realia  in  rebus). 

6  Certum  est,  quia  pluresfuerunt  sancti  simplicitatem  prae  sejerentes; 
si  quidem  mea  coniectura  est,  tamen  ex  operibus,  scilicet  devocione  et 
ieiunio  abstinentia,  sanctitatem  obtinuisse  etc.  dominum  vero  Albertum 
scienciae  propter  excellentiam  tneruisse  magnitudinis  nomen.  In  his 
comparison  of  the  Manuale  with  Paulus  Niavis's,  Latina  Ydeomata, 
Fabricius,  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Bucherfreunde,  Jg.  i,  i,  p.  181,  says: 
"Kap.  4.  Zarncke  14, 17  haben  alle  Drucke  des  Manuale  '  tamen/  was 
ganz  sinnlos  ist,  wahrend  Niavis  richtig  Thomam  (v.  Aquino)  hat." 
While  the  change  is  permissible  in  this  context,  I  do  not  agree  with 
Fabricius  that  the  use  of  tamen  is  "ganz  sinnlos." 


44  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Don't  you  see  that  fame  based  on  philosophy  is  more 
illustrious?  6 

Bar.  I  prefer  to  stand  with  St.  Thomas. 

Cam.  Sluggard!  If  the  opportunity  were  given, 
who  wouldn't  want  to  have  plenty?  But  since  you 
think  to  enter  the  order  of  preachers,  as  he  did,  sweat 
with  fasting  and  other  practices  leading  to  the  blessed 
life,  and  you'll  be  a  sharer  of  sanctity  and  an  associate 
of  that  life.  You  speak  without  thinking.  This  isn't 
derived  from  the  study  of  the  arts,  but  from  divine 
contemplation. 

Bar.  There's  no  use  talking.  I  think  that  the  teach- 
ing of  St.  Thomas  is  brilliant. 

Cam.  And  I  don't  deny  it,  but  I  prefer  Albert. 
Nevertheless,  if  you  please,  let's  approach  Master 
Jodocus;  he  follows  Scotus.7 

Bar.  By  no  means;  they  all  look  at  him  with  aver- 
sion. 

Cam.  Why,  do  you  know? 

Bar.  I  have  no  idea. 

Cam.  I'll  tell  you;  it's  because  rivals  don't  under- 
stand the  teaching  of  the  most  subtle  Scotus. 

6  The  reader  will  recall  a  similar  argument  in  the  Epistolae  Ob- 
scurorum  Virorum  (Stokes  edition,  p.  487),  ii,  47.   It  follows:  "Sec- 
ondly, you  ask  whether  I  hold  St.  Thomas  or  St.  Dominic  to  be  the 
holier?  I  answer  that  it  is  a  moot  point.  .  .  .  Some  hold  St.  Dominic 
to  be  the  holier  as  touching  his  life,  but  not  as  touching  his  doctrine; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  St.  Thomas  to  be  the  holier  as  touching  his 
doctrine,  but  not  as  touching  his  life." 

7  John  Duns  Scotus  (c  1265-1308),  called  doctor  subtilis,  was  a 
nominalist  (universalia  sunt  realia  post  res). 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  45 

Bar.  Some  say  so,  but  it  isn't  true;  for  we  have  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  masters  here,  and  it  would 
be  remarkable  if  they  did  not  understand  him. 

Cam.  It's  well  known  that  they  aren't  able  to  per- 
ceive many  distinctions  that  he  has  made. 

Bar.  Let's  not  judge  these  things.  Let's  agree  with 
those  who  are  wiser. 


CHAPTER^V 

DEBATE  ON  THE  FACULTIES  OF  POETRY  AND  LAW 

Cam.  Master  Conrad  Schwitzer  has  announced  that 
he  will  interpret  the  comedies  of  Terence.  Shall  we  go 
to  hear  him? 

Bar.  What  use  do  you  find  in  these  comedies? 

Cam.  How  unbecoming  it  is,  and  contrary  to  a 
good  man's  duty,  to  disparage  so  noble  a  science! 

Bar.  Don't  you  think  that  learned  men  know  what 
good  there  is  in  Terence?  Nearly  all  the  teachers  dis- 
approve them,  and  don't  touch  upon  them,  for  his 
comedies  deal  with  nuptials  and  lewd  things,  that  in- 
spire wantonness  and  passion  in  youths.  On  that  ac- 
count it  is  the  advice  of  almost  all  the  masters  that  we 
keep  away  from  this  obscene  stuff,  for  it's  a  hindrance 
and  an  obstacle  in  striving  for  learning.1 

1  Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum  (Stokes  edition,  pp.  484-486),  ii, 
46:  "An  old  Magister  of  Leipsic,  who  hath  been  Master  for  these 
thirty  years,  told  me  that  when  he  was  a  lad,  then  did  the  University 
greatly  prosper:  those  were  the  days  when  there  was  not  a  Poet 
within  twenty  miles.  .  .  .  But  now-a-days  all  the  students  must 
needs  attend  lectures  on  Virgil  and  Pliny  and  the  rest  of  the  new- 
fangled authors  —  what  is  more,  they  may  listen  to  them  for  five 
years  and  yet  get  no  degree:  and  so,  when  they  return  home,  their 
parents  ask  them,  saying,  '  What  art  thou?  '  And  they  reply  that 
they  are  naught,  but  that  they  have  been  reading  Poetry!  And  then 
their  parents  are  perplexed  —  but  they  see  that  their  sons  are  not 
grammarians,  and  therefore  they  are  disgruntled  at  the  University, 
and  begrudge  sorely  the  money  they  have  spent.  .  .  .  TheoldMagis- 

46 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  47 

Cam.  I'll  say  a  few  words  to  you.  If  you'll  listen  to 
me,  I  hope  to  disabuse  you  of  this  error. 

Bar.  What  error,  tell  me? 

Cam.  You'll  know  later,  when  I  convict  you  of  a 
sort  of  ignorance. 

Bar.  If  you've  anything  to  say,  go  ahead  and 
speak. 

Cam.  I'm  going  to.  First,  I  want  to  know  from 
whom  you've  gathered  that  those  poets  have  written 
nothing  good?  Do  you  get  it  from  those  who  are  able 
to  read  various  things  written  by  them,  or  from  those 
who  can't  understand  their  meaning? 

Bar.  I  don't  absolutely  know,  but  as  far  as  I  can 
guess,  they  don't  know  anything  about  the  poets. 

Cam.  Have  you  ever  heard,  I  wonder,  that  the  arts 
have  no  rivals  but  the  ignorant?  That's  a  familiar 
proverb.  For  they  fear  that  some  become  more 
learned  than  they  themselves  are,  and  lest  this  hap- 
pen, they  consider  the  more  powerful  as  the  more 
learned.  However,  if  we  look  around  us,  and  try  to 
recognize  our  most  learned,  surely  they  are  the  poets 
and  those  who  attend  to  the  art  of  speech.  I  want  you 

ter  furthermore  told  me  that  in  his  time  there  were  full  two  thousand 
students  at  Leipsic.  .  .  .  Now-a-days  there  are  not  so  many  students 
at  all  the  Universities  put  together  as  there  were  then  in  one  or  two. 
.  .  .  It  is  the  Poets  that  do  them  this  hurt.  .  .  .  In  those  days  it  was 
a  grave  offence  to  study  poetry.  .  .  .  And  thus  the  Universities 
throughout  all  Germany  are  minished  and  brought  low.  Let  us  pray 
God,  then,  that  all  the  Poets  may  perish,  for  *  it  is  expedient  that  one 
man  should  die  '  —  that  is  that  the  Poets,  of  whom  there  are  but  a 
handful  in  any  one  University,  should  perish,  rather  than  so  many 
Universities  should  come  to  naught." 


48  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

to  listen  to  those  who  consider  that  becoming  dignity 
of  expression  and  splendor  of  speech  is  a  vice.  You'll 
find  them,  as  it  were,  deprived  of  tongue,  and  so  when 
they  want  to  bring  out  anything  difficult,  often  in  the 
midst  of  the  lecture  they  fall  from  the  proposition  be- 
cause the  power  of  speech  is  snatched  from  them. 
Often  they're  silent  when  it's  most  necessary  to  speak, 
and  if  they  continue,  they're  so  crude  and  unculti- 
vated in  their  talks,  so  without  ornament,  and  prosaic 
and  uncomely,  that  they'd  have  more  honor  in  silence 
than  they  attain  glory  by  speaking. 

Bar.  Hold  your  tongue,  Cam.  If  this  sort  of  talk 
were  charged  upf  against  you,  they'd  be  very  angry 
with  you. 

Cam.  Your  warning  is  fair.  It's  advisable  for  me  to 
have  caution  in  this  matter.  But  if  I  had  no  other 
work  on  hand,  I'd  explain  to  you  how  much  use  there 
is  in  poetic  tales.  If  any  one  should  explain  them, 
you'd  behold  the  sacred  mystery  which  the  intellect  of 
the  dull  can't  understand  or  comprehend  at  all.  But 
it  would  be  a  long  discussion  and  perhaps  tedious. 
Therefore,  lest  I  become  verbose,  this  is  enough  to 
have  said  concerning  the  songs  of  the  poets.  —  I've 
just  thought  of  it!  I  wanted  to  consult  you  before,  but 
I  wandered  off  on  a  side  track.  I  have  decided  that  I 
want  to  apply  myself  soon  to  the  law,  and  see  what  I 
can  learn  in  this  faculty.  What's  your  opinion? 

Bar.  I  don't  advise  against  it,  for  I've  repeatedly 
heard  the  law  faculty  commended.  But  the  subject  is 
very  extensive;  it  requires  a  topping  big  fee,  and  a  large 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  49 

number  of  books.  Of  all  the  faculties  there  is  hardly 
any  that  demands  so  great  and  diffuse  a  multitude  of 
books  as  the  faculty  of  law,  and  there's  a  lot  of  reading 
to  be  attended  to,  without  which  one  can't  be  a 
learned  jurist;  finally,  one  must  have  an  excellent 
memory,  in  order  that  he  may  be  able  to  retain  many 
and  varied  cases.  First,  then,  examine  yourself  some- 
what, to  see  whether  you  can  put  up  with  these  things 
that  I've  just  mentioned.  It's  necessary  for  each  one 
to  consider  in  advance  what  ought  to  be  done,  lest  at 
the  end  he  give  up  his  undertaking  in  disgrace. 

Cam.  It's  difficult,  I  admit,  to  fix  so  many  things  in 
mind.  Yet  we  know  that  without  labor  and  peril  no 
one  is  able  to  attain  anything  great.  Your  advice  is 
sound;  I  agree  that  it  would  be  wise  for  one  to  act  with 
mature  deliberation  in  whatever  he  wishes  to  under- 
take, and  not  to  hurry  into  a  matter  with  indiscreet 
speed.  Will  you  be  my  chum  in  that  faculty? 

Bar.  How  can  I?  I  haven't  a  book.  I'm  poor,  and 
not  able  to  buy  one. 

Cam.  What  if  we  were  to  share  our  books? 

Bar.  If  you  were  to  offer  me  such  kindness,  you'd 
make  me  consider  myself  always  in  your  debt. 

Cam.  Don't  mention  it.  I'll  write  to  my  parents; 
they  may^be  a  help  in  this  matter.  I  hope  to  have  an 
answer  in  accordance  with  my  wish.  Then  I'll  see  to  it 
that  our  companionship  is  never  broken.  But  just 
now  I  have  some  business  with  a  visitor.  So  long. 


CHAPTER  VI 

THEIR  USUAL  DISCOURSE  WHEN  THEY  GO  WALKING 

Cam.  Shall  we  take  a  walk,  Bart,  and  rest  our 
minds? 

Bar.  I  don't  know.  I  think  it  would  be  more  profit- 
able to  apply  one's  self  to  study  than  to  visit  the  streets 
or  the  field. 

Cam.  Who  can  work  on  his  studies  all  the  time? 
Surely  there's  danger  that  one  may  get  his  learning  too 
hardly,  for  I've  often  heard  from  very  intelligent  men 
that  immoderate  work  ought  not  to  be  thrown  upon 
students,  under  which  they  break  down  worn  out. 

Bar.  That's  very  true,  and  it's  often  been  my 
opinion  that  now  and  then  I  should  have  my  mind  un- 
fettered and  relaxed.  But  I  do  believe  that  whoever  is 
always  idle,  makes  his  mind  dull  and  indifferent. 

Cam.   Get  ready  then,  and  we'll  go. 

Bar.  Where  to,  for  instance? 

Cam.  To  the  fields  and  to  the  meadow.  I'll  lead  you 
to  green  places,  where  lilies  grow  and  flowerets  bloom. 
A  mottled  kind  of  herb  grows  there,  and  your  heart 
will  be  as  delighted  as  if  it  had  been  placed  in  the  joy  of 
paradise. 

Bar.  Are  there  trees  near  by? 

Cam.  Not  only  trees,  but  also  a  dense  grove,  where 
we  may  rest  in  the  shade,  and  this  meadow  into  which 

50 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  51 

I'll  lead  you,  is  encircled  by  streams  from  whose  mur- 
muring we'll  get  a  great  deal  of  pleasure. 

Bar.  I'm  ready.  Put  on  your  hat,  and  let's  start  on 
our  way. 

Cam.  I'll  do  so. 

Bar.  Through  which  gate  shall  we  go  out? 

Cam.  Through  the  one  they  call  St.  James's. 

Bar .  I  don't  like  that  one. 

Cam.  Why  not?    What's  the  objection? 

Bar.  They're  accustomed  to  drive  the  hogs  and 
other  animals  through  that  gate  to  water,  and  they 
raise  a  rotten  dust.  It  won't  do.  Who  can  close  his 
nose?  Then  too,  our  clothes  get  all  dirty. 

Cam.  Let's  take  the  other  road.  Would  you  go 
through  the  lower  gate? 

Bar.  All  right.  You  couldn't  have  said  anything 
better;  but  the  way  is  long,  while  the  other  would  have 
been  shorter. 

Cam.  What'll  we  do  when  we  get  to  the  meadow? 

Bar.  That's  what  I  want  to  know  from  you,  for 
you've  praised  this  place  to  the  skies.  I  can  hardly 
wait  to  see  it. 

Cam.  You'll  find  that  I  haven't  exaggerated.  Look 
over  there  across  the  Neckar.  Where  that  most  con- 
spicuous oak  tree  rises,  is  the  place  I've  described  to 
you. 

Bar.  I  see  it,  but  the  nearer  meadow  is  hedged  in  on 
one  side.  Do  you  see?  The  manifold  hue  of  the  flowers 
stands  out. 


52  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  I  see  it  near  by,  but  it's  another  sight  to  which 
I'm  going  to  lead  you. 

Bar.  If  you  think  it's  a  good  idea,  we  might  take  a 
swim;  the  sun's  very  hot,  and  we'd  shed  our  perspira- 
tion. 

Cam.  Don't  think  of  it.  The  river  is  dangerous; 
many  have  drowned  in  it.  I  suppose  you've  heard  the 
report  about  a  corpse  found  in  the  water  a  few  days 
ago.  That  fellow  took  a  chance.  If  you've  made  up 
your  mind  to  go  bathing,  I'll  take  you  to  a  safe  brook. 

Bar.  You're  right,  but  first  to  the  meadow  that  you 
praise  so  highly. 

Cam.  Look,  it's  not  far.  Where'll  we  take  a  rest? 

Bar.  I  think  the  best  place  is  under  the  tall  willow 
tree. 

Cam.  Why  not  under  an  apple  tree? 

Bar.  Look  here.  Surely  this  place  is  more  pleasant 
and  delightful,  for  here  the  grass  is  fresher,  and  there 
are  more  flowers  mingled  with  it. 

Cam.  So  be  it. 

Bar.  Listen,  Cam;  what  a  beautiful  harmony  of  the 
birds  fills  our  ears !  You  said  rightly  that  the  place  was 
more  delightful  than  others,  and  as  lovely  as  paradise. 

Cam.  Few  know  this  meadow;  if  others  were  to  in- 
vestigate the  place,  there  would  always  be  plenty  of 
fellows  here. 

Bar.  The  flowing  of  the  brook  greatly  refreshes  me, 
and  it  delights  the  eye  to  see  the  fish  darting  hither  and 
yon. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  53 

Cam.  And  what  a  flock  of  birds!  See  the  stork 
near  us. 

Bar.  I  think  I've  never  rested  in  such  a  meadow. 
On  the  right  I  see  the  brook  swarming  with  fish;  to  the 
left  there  are  almost  all  kinds  of  growing  things.  Be- 
hind us  is  a  grove  resounding  with  the  symphony  of 
birds;  the  nightingale  sings,  the  crested  lark  is  here 
with  its  song,  and  all  the  birds  sweeten  their  voices. 
After  this,  let's  take  our  books  and  hie  us  hither,  for 
the  mind  ought  to  be  greatly  improved  here,  if  this 
could  be  remembered. 

Cam.  So  it  seems  to  me.  I  think  it  would  be  by  far 
the  best  for  us  to  review  here,  while  resting,  what  we 
have  heard  in  lectures  and  exercises. 

Bar.  Night  is  coming  now,  and  the  chimneys  smoke. 
Let's  get  back  to  town. 

Cam.  I'm  so  delighted  with  this  loveliness,  that  I 
hadn't  thought  of  going  back.  Let's  get  up  and  go 
quickly. 


CHAPTER  VII 

IN  WHICH  ONE  QUESTIONS  THE  OTHER  CONCERNING 
HIS  JOURNEY 

Cam.  Where  do  you  come  from? 

Bar.  From  Erfurt. 

Cam.  What  news  do  you  bring? 

Bar.   Nothing  at  all,  absolutely  nothing. 

Cam.  I  supposed  that  Erfurt  was  the  harbor  of  all 
news. 

Bar.  That  fact  has  escaped  me;  in  fact,  I  must  ad- 
mit that  I  don't  care  to  hear  gossip. 

Cam.  Where  are  you  going? 

Bar.  To  Heidelberg. 

Cam.  What  are  you  going  to  do  there? 

Bar.  I've  often  been  told  that  the  instruction  in  the 
liberal  arts  is  very  good  there,  so  I  wanted  to  try  out 
the  usage  of  the  university.  As  good  luck  would  have 
it,  I've  met  you.  Tell  me,  what  are  the  customs  of 
your  school? 

Cam.  I'll  tell  you.  But  first  answer  my  question. 

Bar.  What  is  that? 

Cam.  Tell  me  the  manner  of  your  university.1 

Bar.  I'll  do  so  gladly.  First,  they  revere  the 
method  of  the  nominalists;  if  there  are  any  realists, 

1  Expone  modum  universitatis  vestrae. 

54 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  55 

they're  not  admitted,  and  they're  not  permitted  to 
lecture  or  to  hold  recitations. 

Cam.  Why? 

Bar.  On  account  of  quarrels ;  for  disputes  are  stirred 
up,  from  which  enmity  arises  and  hatred  is  born.  But 
to  avoid  disputes  of  this  sort  they  think  best  to  have 
one  method  only. 

Cam.  That  isn't  the  right  way;  for  if  there  were 
more  than  one  method,  the  students  would  become 
keener,  and  more  versed,  and  more  ready  in  argument. 

Bar.  That's  very  true. 

Cam.  But  you  asked  me  to  explain  the  usage  of  our 
university  to  you.  It's  very  different  from  yours,  from 
what  I  hear.  First,  we  don't  shut  out  the  nominalists; 
if  we  can  get  any  good  out  of  them,  we're  perfectly 
willing  to  do  so.  Second,  masters  of  each  method  are 
admitted.  Each  is  permitted  to  state  what  he  may 
have  in  his  demonstrations.  Indeed,  among  us  there 
are  some  who  follow  Albert,  some  who  esteem  Thomas, 
some  who  admire  the  most  subtle  John  the  Scot,  and 
follow  in  his  footsteps;  and  the  teaching  of  all  these 
doctors  contributes  to  the  exercise  of  the  under- 
standing. 

Bar.  To  tell  you  the  truth,  you've  now  aroused  in 
me  a  great  desire  for  study.  Nothing  is  sweeter  to  me, 
nothing  more  enjoyable,  than  to  hear  what  most 
excellent  men  think.  Worthy  patron,  be  kind  enough 
to  direct  me  to  a  lodging  house  in  which  study  is  held  in 
great  respect. 


56  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  To  be  brief,  I  may  say  that  all  the  lodgings  are 
full.  At  this  time  there's  a  great  crowd  of  students, 
and  it  isn't  permitted  to  stay  except  in  an  approved 
place.2  I  advise  you  to  speak  to  the  beadle  of  the  uni- 
versity, to  see  whether  he  may  know  of  a  vacant 
lodging,  or  may  show  you  some  one  who  would  take 
you  as  his  room  mate. 

Bar.  I'll  do  so,  but  where's  the  beadle's  house? 

Cam.  Have  you  never  been  in  Heidelberg  before? 

Bar.  No,  never. 

Cam.  What!  It'll  be  difficult  for  you  to  get  a  good 
lodging,  unless  you  have  the  favor  and  recommenda- 
tion of  some  one  who  is  well  known. 

Bar.  But  I  haven't  any  one,  so  I  ask  you  to  be  kind 
enough  to  help  me  out.  I'll  do  everything  I  can  to  pay 
you  back. 

2  Leipzig,  1495  (Statutenbucher,  p.  106):  "STATUTE  CONCERNING 
RESIDENCE  IN  APPROVED  PLACES.  It  is  decreed,  etc.:  that  no  one 
hereafter  shall  dare  to  live  or  reside  in  any  other  place  than  in  the  col- 
leges or  lodgings  approved  by  the  university,  living  in  the  same  accord- 
ing to  the  parietal  laws,  or  shall  accept  any  other  lodging  or  dwelling 
place,  under  penalty  of  one  florin  to  be  paid  to  the  university  as  often 
as  he  stays  more  than  a  month  in  any  such  unapproved  places,  count- 
ing from  the  present  date."  Cf .  Leipzig,  1507  (Statutenbucher,  p.  491) : 
"CONCERNING  RESIDENCE  IN  APPROVED  PLACES  OR  LODGINGS.  It  is 
decreed  .  .  .  that  no  one  be  admitted  to  the  examination  for  any 
degree  in  arts,  unless  he  shall  have  lived  continually  in  the  college  or 
in  approved  lodgings."  Cf.  Leipzig,  1496  (Statutenbucher,  pp.  19,  20, 
115-116);  Die  Grenzboten,  Jg.  25  (1866),  ii,  p.  212;  Kaufmann,  Die 
Geschichte  der  deutschen  Universitaten,  ii,  p.  234;  Schulze  and  Ssymank, 
Das  deutsche  Studententum  von  den  aeltesten  Zeiten  bis  zur  Gegenwart, 
P-  59- 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  57 

Cam.  I'll  do  what  you  ask.  It's  getting  dark,  now, 
as  you  see.  Tomorrow  morning  as  soon  as  I  wake  up, 
I'll  take  care  of  you. 

Bar.  But  please  show  me  where  there's  a  good  lodg- 
ing. 

Cam.  Do  you  see  that  corner  house,  decorated  with 
paintings? 

Bar.  Yes,  I  see  it. 

Cam.  You  may  lodge  there. 

Bar.  So  long,  good  luck! 

Cam.  The  same  to  you. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

HOW  THEY  TALK  AT  TABLE 

Cam.  The  breakfast  bell  has  rung.1  Let's  go  quickly, 
or  we'll  be  late. 

Bar.  Good  advice!  If  we're  late,  the  others'll 
laugh  at  us. 

Cam.  It's  a  common  saying,  that  if  any  one  has 
been  unlucky,  he'll  be  laughed  at. 

Bar.  They'd  have  a  good  reason  for  doing  so,  for  we 
haven't  any  excuse  for  not  being  at  breakfast. 

Cam.  Look,  the  table  is  set.  If  we  had  delayed  a 
little  longer,  we'd  have  been  the  talk  of  these  fellows 
sitting  here. 

Bar.  Now,  let's  get  busy  with  the  grub.  It's  hard 
for  me  to  wait  at  the  table  when  the  victuals  are  ready. 

Cam.  Friend  Bart,  are  you  so  very  rude  that  you 
wish  to  eat  without  grace? 

Bar.  I'm  neither  a  priest  nor  a  theologian. 

1  There  were  two  meals  a  day:  breakfast  (prandium),  at  ten 
o'clock,  and  dinner  (coena),  at  five  o'clock.  A  Leipzig  statute  of  1421 
(Statutenbucher,  p.  317),  under  the  title  "The  hour  at  which  dinner 
should  be  served,"  prohibits  the  announcement  of  dinner  before  five 
o'clock,  "on  penalty  of  four  groschen."  See  the  following  Leipzig 
statutes  (Statutenbucher,  pp.  395,  443,  472,  498):  "Concerning  din- 
ner," "  Concerning  the  serving  of  dinner  in  the  colleges  and  lodgings," 
"  Concerning  the  observance  of  dinner  in  the  colleges  and  lodgings," 
etc. 

58 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  59 

Cam.  But  a  Christian!  Is  it  conformable  to  our 
religion?  Let's  say  grace,  lest  we  fall  upon  our  food 
like  pigs. 

Bar.  You  are  witty.  As  for  me,  I'll  take  my  food. 
Why  is  it  that  we  almost  always  get  veal  to  eat? 

Cam.  Hold  your  tongue  for  a  little  while.  I'll  see  to 
it  that  you  get  hare.  What's  the  matter  with  this 
meat,  anyway? 

Bar.  It  isn't  seasoned,  it's  too  soft.  I  think  that 
this  calf  has  hardly  seen  its  mother  three  times. 
Don't  be  surprised  when  I  tell  you  that  no  one  would 
eat  it  where  I  live.  Every  one  would  be  afraid  that  it 
would  make  him  sick.2 

Cam.  O,  yes,  I  know  that  in  your  country  they 
always  eat  game.  Also  beans,  I  suppose,  and  lentils, 
and  relishes,  and  mead;  what  are  you  talking  about? 
Your  taste  for  such  dishes  is  inherited  and  prenatal. 

2  Cf.  Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum  (Stokes  edition,  p.  376),  i,  43- 
44:  "If  you  have  a  son,  or  other  kinsman  —  or  a  dear  friend  of  yours 
hath  one  —  who  is  destined  to  be  a  student,  send  him  hither  to  me  at 
Leipsic.  We  have  many  learned  doctors  amonst  us,  and  rare  good 
victuals  in  our  hostels  —  seven  courses  twice  every  day,  at  noon  and 
evening;  the  first  is  called  Ever  —  that  is,  porridge;  the  second, 
Always  —  that  is,  Soup;  the  third,  Daily  —  that  is,  greens;  the  fourth, 
Again  and  again  —  that  is,  meat;  the  fifth,  Sometimes  —  that  is, 
roast;  the  sixth,  Never  —  that  is,  cheese;  the  seventh,  Now  and  then  — 
that  is,  apples  and  pears." 

Thomas  Lever's  comment  on  Oxford  fare  of  the  mid-sixteenth 
century  may  be  recalled  at  this  point:  "At  ten  of  the  clocke  they  go  to 
dynner,  whereas  they  be  contente  wyth  a  penye  pyece  of  byefe 
amongest  .iiti.  hauying  a  fewe  porage  made  of  the  brothe  of  the  same 
byefe,  wyth  salte  and  otemell,  and  nothynge  els."  Sermons  (English 
Reprints,  ed.  by  Edward  Arber,  25:  London,  1870),  p.  122. 


60  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  You  chatter  too  much.  I'd  be  stupid  to  dis- 
pute with  you,  especially  since  I'm  busy  eating;  and 
besides,  you  haven't  anything  but  the  chatter  of  a 
magpie. 

Cam.  Tell  me,  please,  who  has  talked  more  at 
breakfast  than  you? 

Bar .  I  can't  help  saying  what  I  think.  Try  your 
drink,  and  tell  me  what  kind  it  is,  and  what  it's 
worth. 

Cam.  Ach!  Where  did  you  get  this  sour  drink? 

Bar.  I'm  mighty  glad  you  approve  what  I  said, 
although  I  was  afraid  that  in  this  matter,  as  in  others, 
you'd  say  something  against  me. 

Cam.  What  do  you  say?  I  always  give  in  to  the 
truth. 

Bar.  You're  always  starting  quarrels,  and  in  fact 
very  rarely  agree. 

Cam.  Don't  say  that;  it's  well  known  that  I  love 
the  truth. 

Bar.  Ha,  ha.  If  some  one  else  said  that,  he'd  lead 
me  to  believe  it.  Do  you  know  what  that  praise 
amounts  to  that  comes  from  one's  own  mouth? 

Cam.  Ass,  do  you  charge  me  with  baseness  because 
I've  shown  you  your  impropriety?  Do  you  know  what 
you've  just  done?  You're  first  in  the  dessert  dish,  you 
take  the  better  share,  which  was  not  set  before  you. 
Are  those  good  manners?  What  if  the  others  should 
go  for  you,  and  put  you  out?  I'd  be  glad  of  it,  for 
wouldn't  you  have  deserved  it? 

Bar.  Am  I  not  permitted  to  take  a  helping? 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  61 

Cam.  Nothing  but  what  is  placed  before  you. 
Whom  do  you  think  so  ignorant  and  stupid  that  he 
would  not  take  the  better  share?  But  here  are  those 
older  and  more  honorable  than  you  or  I.  The  bach- 
elors ought  to  have  the  preference,  who  have  received 
the  badges  of  honor;  but  they  say  nothing;  if  they 
weren't  so  discreet,  they'd  call  you  down.3  What  do 
you  suppose  they're  saying  to  themselves?  Just  this: 
"How  coarse  he  is,  how  dirty! "  Don't  you  know  how 
improper  it  is  for  you  to  wash  your  mangy  hands  first 
in  the  food? 

Bar.  If  the  bachelors  were  to  say  that,  I'd  heed  it; 
but  from  you,  who  are  wont  to  interpret  everything  in 
the  worst  light  for  me,  I  don't  care  to  take  it,  and  if 
you  don't  stop,  I'll  pull  your  hair,  and  show  you 
plainly  whom  you  may  annoy.  Scarcely  ever  do  I 
have  peace  and  quiet  when  I  want  to  eat. 

Cam.  Even  if  you  had  hoofs  like  the  beast  of  the 
fields,  and  horns,  so  that  you  might  be  called  '  ox/ 
who  do  you  think  could  put  up  with  your  foolishness? 
Do  you  think  that  you  will  conquer  me  with  threats? 
I'll  find  a  remedy,  and  a  good  one,  for  I'll  tell  all  these 
things  to  the  master. 

Bar.  You  may  do  so  if  you  like.  Be  our  betrayer, 
and  just  as  other  betrayers  get  their  reward,  so  will 
you. 

Cam.  Not  for  that  reason  would  I  be  a  betrayer, 
but  to  stop  your  rudeness. 

3  All  classes  —  masters,  bachelors,  students  —  ate  together  at  a 
common  table  in  the  lodging  houses,  or  colleges,  of  which  they  were 
residents. 


62  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  I  don't  know  who  would  give  you  a  job,  if  you 
wanted  to  be  a  toady.  At  any  rate,  you'd  put  your- 
self in  business  as  a  parasite.  Would  you  report  to  the 
master  as  others  have  done,  and  try  to  get  his  favor 
that  way? 

Cam.  Hold  your  tongue,  so  that  grace  may  be  said. 

Bar.  Very  well. 


CHAPTER  IX 

CONCERNING  QUARRELS  AMONG  THE  STUDENTS 

Cam.  .Where  did  you  put  my  book? 

Bar.  I  haven't  had  your  book. 

Cam.  But  I  know  that  you  did  have  it. 

Bar.  You  He! 

Cam.  Learn  one  thing  from  me:  if  I  ever  find  my 
book  in  your  hands  again,  I'll  see  to  it  that  you  don't 
hide  it  next  time. 

Bar.  Great  snakes,  man,  I  haven't  hidden  it.  How 
hard  it  is  for  you  to  believe!  Even  if  an  oath  were 
necessary,  I'd  still  affirm  it. 

Cam.  And  I  don't  put  much  faith  in  your  oaths. 
Your  nature  is  strong,  and  oaths  aren't  easily  ob- 
served in  this  matter. 

Bar.  Please  don't  try  to  push  me  too  far  with  your 
tormenting,  and  prod  me  with  your  words  as  with 
some  kind  of  thorn,  or  you'll  hear  things  you  don't 
like.  Have  you  ever  heard  that  it's  wise  to  let  sleeping 
dogs  lie?  1 

Cam.  I  know  that  you  say  a  great  deal,  but  ac- 
tually you  do  little  or  nothing. 

Bar.  Would  it  were  so,  and  that  I  weren't  on  the 
point  of  laying  hands  upon  you  and  beating  you.  But 
listen  to  one  word :  how  many  times  have  you  used  my 

1  Audisti  unquam,  obsecro,  consultum  esse  canem  quiescentem  non 
excitare  ad  rabiem? 

63 


64  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

things,  my  books  and  clothes,  as  if  they  were  your 
own?  When  I  accuse  you  and  rebuke  you,  how  do  you 
treat  me?  Where  is  the  friendship  that  was  formerly 
agreed  upon  between  us,  when  you  said  that  we  should 
esteem  each  other? 

Cam.  By  Pollux,  I'd  have  done  so,  if  you  hadn't 
changed  your  mind  toward  me,  and  I  don't  want  you 
to  think  that  I've  become  your  enemy.  I  like  you 
more  than  it's  seemly  to  say,  but  I  neither  approve 
nor  commend  your  manners. 

Bar.  Tell  me,  Cam,  when  did  I  ever  say  anything 
to  you  that  would  justify  a  slackening  in  our  friend- 
ship? 

Cam.  As  if  you  never  did!  From  day  to  day  and 
more  and  more  you're  stretching  your  wits  to  figure 
out  how  you  can  injure  me  and  be  a  hindrance  to  me. 
Tell  me  plainly  what  impelled  you  to  report  me  yester- 
day to  the  master  when  I  fell  asleep  in  the  review? 
He  afterwards  rebuked  me.2  Didn't  you  get  some 
reward  for  telling  on  me?  But  if  I  should  call  you  a 
traitor,  perhaps  you'd  be  angry  with  me! 

2  As  far  as  the  statutes  are  concerned,  sleeping  during  lectures 
seems  to  have  been  permitted;  reference  is  made,  however,  to  certain 
disturbances.  Heidelberg,  1444  (Urkundenbtich,  i,  p.  154):  "It  is  de- 
creed, moreover,  that  those  who  are  engaged  in  the  hearing  of  books, 
who  were  not  present  from  the  beginning  of  the  lecture  of  the  master 
to  the  end,  or  who  at  the  time  of  the  lectures  threw  pebbles  or  com- 
mitted other  offences,  shall  be  made  to  count  those  lectures,  in  which 
they  committed  the  above  mentioned,  among  the  number  of  neglected 
lessons."  See  Heidelberg,  1458  (Urkundenbuch,  ii,  p.  45).  Heidel- 
berg, 1466  (Urkundenbtich,  i,  p.  183):  "He  shall  not  annoy  or  hinder 
the  master  or  masters  or  students,  with  outcries  nor  any  improprieties, 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  65 

Bar.  That's  ingratitude!  If  you  were  wise,  you'd 
be  very  grateful  to  me  for  having  done  you  this  favor, 
so  that  afterwards  you  would  take  in  the  reviews  with 
greater  care  and  diligence.  By  this  act,  as  God  loves 
me,  I  thought  to  increase  our  friendship. 

Cam.  Excellently  said.  But  there's  an  old  saying; 
"  Don't  do  to  others  as  you  would  not  that  they 
should  do  to  you." 

Bar.   I  approve  this. 

Cam.  Then  why  do  you  get  so  angry  with  me  when 
I  rebuke  you  because  of  your  corrupt  and  crude  man- 
ners? 

Bar.  I'd  often  take  it  better,  I  say,  if  you'd  call  me 
down  in  a  kindly  manner,  and  show  me  these  things 
privately.  But  when  you  yell  out  in  public,  all  stare  at 
me.  Who  do  you  think  can  stand  that  calmly? 

Cam.  See  what  you  did  yourself.  If  you  had  done 
as  you  want  me  to  do,  you  wouldn't  have  gone  to  the 
master  so  quickly  to  tell  him  that  I  had  fallen  asleep. 
Why  didn't  you  come  to  me  and  rouse  me?  Then  I 
should  have  known  that  your  friendship  for  me  was 
true. 

Bar.  You're  right.  But  who  thinks  of  everything 
beforehand? 

and  no  one  shall  force  any  of  the  beani  to  cry  out  '  Salve  '  or  throw 
filth  at  him,  on  penalty  of  being  retarded."  Statutes  of  Oxford, 
1483-89  (Rashdall,  op.  oil.,  ii,  p.  773,  appendix) :  "No  students  at  the 
time  either  of  lecture  or  recitation,  or  disputation,  shall  yell,  chatter, 
make  a  noise  or  uproar  of  any  kind  whatsoever,  on  penalty  of  a 
quarter."  See  Rait,  Life  in  the  Medieval  University,  p.  147;  and  Kauf- 
mann,  Die  Geschichte  der  deutschen  UniversitcUen,  ii,  pp.  417-418. 


66  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  Besides,  there's  another  matter  that  makes 
me  sore.3  As  soon  as  ever  I  let  out  something  in  the 
vulgar  tongue,  without  stopping  to  think,  you  in- 
stantly report  me.4 

Bar.  No  one  has  been  summoned.5  And  indeed  you 

8  Aliud  est  etiam,  in  quo  magnum  habeo  displicentiam.  Literally: 
"Besides,  there  is  another  matter  at  which  I  am  greatly  displeased." 

4  The  statutes  required  that  Latin  be  spoken  at  all  times,  in  the 
lodgings,  as  well  as  in  the  class  rooms.  All  students  were  encouraged 
to  report  infringements  of  this  rule,  but  a  spy,  the  '  wolf '  (lupus, 
sometimes  called  signator),  was  especially  appointed  for  this  purpose. 
Those  who  spoke  the  vernacular  were  called  vulgarisantes.  See  Chap- 
ter XI,  note  2. 

At  Erfurt,  1447,  the  rector  bursarum  was  obliged  to  take  the  follow- 
ing oath  (Aden,  i,  p.  18):  "I  promise  that  I  am  willing  faithfully  to 
supervise  my  lodgers  in  morals  and  instruction,  and  guide  them  to 
speak  Latin." 

Statutes  of  the  Oxford  halls,  1483-89  (Rashdall,  op.  cit.,  ii,  p.  772) : 
"It  is  decreed  that  none  of  those  in  the  hall  shall  speak  in  any  other 
language  than  Latin,  unless  he  be  an  illiterate  or  a  foreigner,  especially 
at  the  time  of  plays,  or  of  principal  feasts,  within  the  precincts  of  the 
hall,  in  any  way  whatsoever,  or  penalty  of  a  quarter  for  every  time." 

See  Leipzig,  1495  (Statutenbucher,  p.  117) :  "STATUTE  OF  THE  DEAN 

CONCERNING  DILIGENT  ATTENDANCE  UPON  ORDINARY  AND  LATE  DIS- 
PUTATIONS, AND  THE  SPEAKING  OF  LATIN."    Leipzig,  1496  (Stdtllten- 

bucher,  p.  23) :  "STATUTE  COMPELLING  STUDENTS  TO  ATTEND  ORDINARY 

AND  LATE  DISPUTATIONS,  AND  TO  SPEAK  LATIN." 

6  Of  interest  in  this  connection  are  the  citation  forms  of  Leipzig. 
Leipzig,  1495  (Statutenbucher,  p.  99):  "FORM  FOR  SUMMONING  A  STU- 
DENT. We  N.  publicly  require,  by  these  presents,  and  peremptorily 
summon  N.,  a  student  in  our  said  university,  to  appear  before  us  and 
our  assistants  in  the  place  of  our  usual  residence,  within  three  days 
from  the  present  date,  and  to  make  proper  answer  to  the  charges  to  be 
set  forth  and  presented  by  us,  on  penalty  of  half  a  florin  to  be  paid  to 
the  university."  See  Leipzig,  1495  (Statutenbucher,  p.  119) :  "PROCESS 
AND  FORM  FOR  SUMMONING  A  STUDENT."  See  also  Appendix,  4,  infra. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  67 

know  that  it's  the  common  rule  that  one  report  an- 
other for  anything  said  in  the  vulgar  tongue.  Our 
friendship  ought  not  to  be  crushed  on  that  account. 

Cam.  You  couldn't  say  anything  more  true,  but  it's 
very  troublesome,  I  should  almost  say,  and  annoying, 
not  to  talk  in  the  vulgar  tongue. 

Bar.  Every  beginning  of  anything  is  difficult, 
especially  of  the  great  things;  but  custom  and  frequent 
repetition  lessen  the  irksomeness. 

Cam.  Bart,  old  man,  I  can  hardly  restrain  myself  at 
first  when  you  report  me;  but  when  I  consider  my 
progress,  then  I  have  no  grudge  against  you. 

Bar.  It's  a  mark  of  a  wise  man  to  know  how  to  get 
rid  of  anger.  Now  we've  said  enough  about  this  mat- 
ter. We've  spun  it  out  beyond  the  limit.  So  long. 


CHAPTER  X 

HOW  THEY  TALK  WITH  ONE  ANOTHER  WHEN  THEY  INTEND 
TO  PRESENT  THEMSELVES  FOR  EXAMINATIONS 

Cam.  I  have  a  letter  from  my  parents,  from  which 
I  learn  that  unless  I  take  the  examination,  I  shan't 
get  any  more  help  from  them.  I'm  worried,  and  scared 
out  of  my  wits.1 

Bar.  Why? 

Cam.  I'm  afraid  I  shan't  be  promoted. 

Bar.  Why  not? 

Cam.  There  are  many  things  in  the  way.  I  haven't 
completed  my  work  satisfactorily,  and  many  masters 
dislike  me;  so  I'm  afraid  I'll  be  kept  back.  I've  ac- 
complished little,  and  I'm  afraid  I'll  be  rejected.  So, 
you  see,  it's  no  small  matter  that  upsets  me.2 

Bar.  Consult  your  master.  He  knows  what  ought 
to  be  done  and  avoided  in  this  matter. 

Cam.  I  have  consulted  him.  He  advises  against  it; 
he  says  I  know  too  little. 

Bar.  I  know  his  frame  of  mind.  He's  trying  to 
scare  you.  There's  no  need  of  your  being  so  afraid. 
It's  obvious  that  there'll  be  much  more  ignorant  ones 

1  Angor  me  torquet  atque  metus  exagitat.   Literally,  "Anguish  tor- 
tures me,  and  fear  disturbs  me." 

2  Itaque  non  parva  res  me  angit  et  prorsus  me  infestat.   Literally, 
"distresses  and  disturbs  me." 

68 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  69 

in  the  examination.  As  for  me,  I  should  assume  some 
courage;  you  know  that  the  timid  can't  do  anything. 

Cam.  There's  something  in  what  you  say,  but  for- 
tune isn't  always  fair.  If  I  should  be  turned  down,  my 
master  would  think  himself  excused,  from  what  he  had 
said  to  me  earlier.  I  should  be  so  terribly  disgraced 
that  I  couldn't  look  my  father  and  mother  in  the 
face.  I  should  have  nothing,  and  I'd  be  the  laughing 
stock  of  all. 

Bar.  But  it  isn't  such  a  serious  matter.  Listen  to 
just  one  word;  I  hope  it  will  be  of  benefit  to  you.  If 
you  have  money,  you  can  bestow  tokens  of  honor  and 
respect  upon  your  examiners.  In  our  age  gifts  do 
much;  for  three  or  four  florins  you'll  buy  the  favor  of 
all. 

Cam.  Your  advice  is  good.  Now  I've  taken  heart. 

Bar.  And  you  must  do  it.  If  you  want  to  get  any- 
thing from  a  peasant,  unless  you  first  get  his  good  will, 
your  labor  is  futile. 

Cam.  I  don't  think  I'll  venture  in  vain,  for  my 
hand  will  be  full  of  money. 

Bar.  Do  you  remember  reading  in  Ovid: 

" Believe  me,  men  and  gods  with  gifts  are  pleased; 
Even  angry  Jove  with  offerings  is  appeased"?  3 

Cam.  I  know  what  I'll  do. 

Bar.  What? 

Cam.  I'll  tell  my  parents  to  send  me  more  money. 

Bar.  How  much  did  you  just  get? 

3  Ars  Amatoria,  iii,  vv,  653  f. 


70  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  At  the  last  market  the  merchants  gave  me 
twelve  florins.  I'll  write  for  ten  more.  Before  I  enter 
the  examination  I'll  make  a  collation,  and  invite  the 
masters,  whom  I've  offended  at  any  time  by  word  or 
deed,  and  I'll  treat  them  handsomely.4  I  hope  to  get 
their  favor  this  way.  But  look  here,  there's  another 
thing  that's  bothering  my  head. 

Bar.  What's  that? 

Cam.  I  haven't  finished  my  courses  satisfactorily, 

4  Leipzig,  1444  (Statutenbucher,  p.  365):  "CONCERNING  EXPENSES 
BEFORE  THE  EXAMINATION  AND  TEST.  In  order  that  the  occasion  for 
useless  expenses  may  be  removed,  it  is  decreed  that,  on  the  day  when 
the  test  or  examination  is  to  begin,  no  expenses  for  entertainment  of 
masters  or  students  shall  be  incurred  before  entrance  by  those  to  be 
examined  or  tested.  As  a  fee,  however,  the  candidates  may,  if  they 
choose,  offer  to  the  proctor  and  the  assistant  examiners,  one  measure 
of  beer,  and  no  more,  on  penalty  of  one  florin,  which  penalty  the  dean 
may  exact  from  those  who  violate  this  act."  See  Leipzig,  1496  (Sta- 
tutenbucher, p.  20). 

Terrae-Filius,  or,  The  Secret  History  of  the  University  of  Oxford 
(London,  1726),  p.  231:  "Several  ingenuous  candidates  have  con- 
fess'd  to  me,  that  they  never  studied  an  hour,  nor  looked  into  any 
system  of  the  sciences,  'till  a  month  before  they  were  examined.  How 
well  the  examiners  perform  their  duty,  I  leave  to  God  and  their  own 
consciences.  ...  It  is  also  well  known  to  be  a  custom  for  the  can- 
didates either  to  present  their  examiners  with  a  piece  of  gold,  or  to 
give  them  an  handsome  entertainment,  and  make  them  drunk;  which 
they  commonly  do  the  night  before  examination,  and  sometimes  keep 
them  till  morning,  and  so  adjourn,  Cheek  by  Joul,  from  their  drinking 
room  to  the  school,  where  they  are  to  be  examined  —  Quaere,  whether 
it  would  not  be  very  ungrateful  of  the  examiner  to  refuse  any  can- 
didate a  testimonium,  who  has  treated  him  so  splendidly  over  night?" 

See  Chapter  XVIII,  and  Appendix,  5;  also  Rashdall,  ii,  pp.  686- 
688. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  71 

and  wherever  I  haven't  been  enrolled  in  lectures  and 
exercises,  I'm  afraid  I  shan't  get  a  certificate.5 

Bar.  You'll  be  able  to  do  it  all  right,  for  your  mas- 
ter is  obliging,  and  often  gives. a  boost  to  others,  when 
they  ask  anything  of  him.  I'm  sure  that  when  you 
address  your  master  by  name,  you'll  get  whatever  you 
seek,  even  if  you've  never  been  in  the  lectures. 

Cam.  You  encourage  me,  but  I'll  be  perjured. 

Bar.  Every  promoted  bachelor  is  perjured,  and 
every  one  knows  that  few  of  the  masters  are  free  from 
this  disease. 

Cam.  I  see  a  merchant  to  whom  I  must  speak.  So 
long. 

5  Non  bene  complevi,  et,  ubique  in  hctionibus  exercitiisque  nonfuerim 
intitulatus,  vereor,  me  non  extorquere  recognitiones.  Leipzig,  1496 
(Statutenbucher,  pp.  21-22):  "THE  CERTIFICATE  FOR  HEARING  LEC- 
TURES AND  EXERCISES.  We  decree  and  ordain  that  henceforth  none  of 
the  masters  shall  presume  to  give  a  certificate  of  lectures  and  exer- 
cises to  any  student,  unless  it  shall  be  evident  to  him,  through  the 
inspection  of  his  register,  that  the  applicant  for  a  certificate  has 
heard  a  certain  lecture  or  exercise  from  him,  on  penalty  of  suspension 
by  an  act  of  the  regency  for  the  whole  year.  And  it  is  decreed  that  a 
candidate  who  shall  receive  a  certificate  from  a  master  whose  lecture 
or  exercise  he  has  not  heard,  and  shall  dare  to  exhibit  it  before  the 
faculty  of  arts,  shall  be  immediately  prevented  and  not  admitted  to 
the  examination  for  any  degree  in  arts  at  this  time." 


CHAPTER  XI 

HOW  THEY  TALK  ABOUT  THE  WOLF  AND  THE  STATUTES, 
IN  THE  LODGINGS  AND  COLLEGES 

Cam.  May  the  minions  of  hell  destroy  him.1  If  I 
ever  find  out  his  name,  he  won't  get  away. 

Bar.  What  ails  you? 

Cam.  Listen  to  me;  I've  been  up  against  the  wolf 
twelve  times.2  The  rascal  is  just  like  a  sheep;  he  lacks 
both  discretion  and  decency. 

1  Quod inferi  eum  eradicent.  Inferi,  "the  dead,"  or  "inhabitants  of 
the  lower  regions,"  lacks  force  at  this  point. 

2  duodecies  fuerim  in  lupo.  Leipzig,  1499  (Statutenbucher,  p.  471): 
"CONCERNING  THE  STRICT  OBSERVANCE  or  THE  SPEAKING  OF  LATIN  IN 

THE  COLLEGES  AND  LODGINGS  BY  THE  CANDIDATES  FOR  PROMOTION.    It 

has  been  decreed  that  the  speaking  of  Latin  shall  be  strictly  observed 
in  all  the  colleges  and  lodgings,  not  only  by  the  simple  students  but 
also  by  the  bachelors,  according  to  the  statutes  above  set  forth,  and 
expressed  in  a  revision,  namely  that  in  the  lodgings  and  colleges  the 
Latin  language  is  to  be  used  constantly  by  all  candidates  for  promo- 
tion, on  penalty  of  a  certain  fine  to  be  imposed.  And  the  proctors 
should  appoint  wolves,  according  to  ancient  custom,  who  shall  enter 
upon  a  certain  register  the  names  of  those  who  speak  the  vernacular, 
which  register  is  to  be  turned  over  to  the  proctors  and  read  publicly 
every  Friday.  .  .  .  The  money  collected  by  the  proctors,  for  annoy- 
ances and  other  neglects  of  the  students,  should  be  turned  over  to  the 
fellows  for  making  an  entertainment  or  feast  at  the  discretion  of  the 
proctors;  yes,  a  certain  portion  of  it,  such  as  a  third  or  a  quarter  part 
may  be  reserved  for  kitchen  utensils." 

Leipzig,  1471-90  (Statutenbucher,  p.  426):  "The  proctors  ought  to 
appoint  wolves,  who  write  down  those  who  speak  the  vernacular,  and 
exact  a  fine  from  them."  See  also  Leipzig,  1507  (Statutenbucher,  p. 
496). 

72 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  73 

Bar.  Who  was  it? 

Cam.  I  don't  know. 

Bar.  If  you  don't  know  him,  what's  the  use  of  your 
rage? 

Cam.  I'll  see  to  it,  I'll  find  him.  Later,  I'll  avenge 
this  injustice. 

Bar.  It  isn't  an  injustice,  but  rather  the  rule. 
Don't  be  surprised  that  you've  been  reported  so 
often;  he  could  have  reported  you  a  hundred  times. 
To  tell  the  truth,  I  haven't  heard  a  single  word  from 
you  in  Latin  for  a  whole  week.  Since  we  do  so,  I 
shouldn't  see  any  difference,  not  to  say  between  the 
beani  and  ourselves,  but  even  between  the  laity  and 
ourselves,  unless  some  pressure  were  brought  to  bear. 
Our  speech  would  be  as  barren,  as  absurd,  as  nothing 
on  earth. 

Cam.  Really  it's  too  much  to  report  so  often.  And 
what  annoys  me  more,  I've  been  caught  four  times  in 
the  kitchen,  and  they  demand  a  fine  from  me. 

Bar.  By  what  right  do  they  do  this? 

Cam.  Do  you  ask?  They've  made  a  statute  to  the 
effect  that  no  one  may  go  into  the  kitchen,  unless  he's 
a  servant  or  has  some  urgent  reason. 

Bar.  Has  this  statute  been  published? 

Cam.  It  has. 

Bar.  Then  you're  to  blame.   You  have  no  excuse. 

Cam.  I  didn't  suppose  they'd  want  to  hold  so 
strictly  to  these  statutes.  And  they've  devised  this 
scheme.  If  one  doesn't  pay  within  the  space  of  a 
month,  the  masters  are  assembled  at  the  college  bath 


74  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

house3  and  demand  the  payment;  the  punishment  is 
doubled  if  he  refuses.  Finally,  if  he  doesn't  submit  and 
pay  up,  the  culprit  is  denounced  to  the  rector  and  is 
subject  to  greater  punishment  still. 

Bar.   Such  is  the  wisdom  of  men! 

Cam.  You  can't  believe  how  hostile  the  theologians 
are  to  us. 

Bar.  Did  they  notify  you  of  all  these  things  before? 

Cam.  Yes.  They  decreed  that  it  be  published  by 
the  bell;  they  published  everything. 

Bar.  You  reproach  them  without  cause. 

Cam.  What  are  you  talking  about?  For  pouring 
out  slops 4  they  fine  one  two  silver  pennies !  I'm 
equally  guilty  under  that  statute.  I  wish  that  the 
three-headed  Cerberus  might  snap  at  them. 

Bar.  Be  sensible,  and  stop  reviling,  lest  there  re- 
main more  penalties  for  you  to  suffer.  You  know  what 
the  rule  is:  that  we  shall  not  revile  the  preceptors,  nor 
speak  disparagingly  about  them. 

3  stuba    communitatis.      DuCange,    Glossarium    ad    Scriptores 
Mediae  et  Infimae  Latinitatis,  vii,  618:    Stuba,  vaporarium,  hypo- 
caustum;  vox  Germanica  Stube,  unde  nostri  Estuve. 

Basle,  1465  (Vischer,  Geschichte  der  Universitat  Basel,  p.  152,  note 
13):  "Let  the  rector  of  the  lodging  diligently  provide  concerning  the 
one  who  indicates  those  who  speak  the  vernacular,  whom  they  call  the 
wolf,  who  shall  faithfully  indicate  those  who  speak  the  vernacular, 
and  shall  reveal  himself  to  no  one  under  the  obligation  of  good  faith 
owed  to  his  rector." 

See  Appendix,  6. 

4  pro  effusione  statuerunt  duos  albos.    See  Leipzig,  1495  (Appen- 
dix, 7):  "MANDATUM  DE  NON  EFFUNDENDA  URINA  AUT  PROIICIENDIS 

PULVERIBUS  DE  DOMIBUS  PAEDAGOGH." 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  75 

Cam.  What  do  you  think?  They've  extorted  ten 
florins  from  me  in  one  week.  Where'll  I  get  it?  This 
doesn't  grow  in  my  little  garden,  I  think.  By  hook  or 
by  crook  they  get  our  money  away  from  us. 

Bar.  You're  to  blame;  you  voluntarily  incurred 
this  punishment.  Next  time  you'll  be  more  careful. 
Listen  a  minute.  Sometimes  the  stench  was  so  strong 
here,  that  I  shouldn't  have  been  at  all  surprised  if  all 
the  inhabitants  had  become  infected.  Very  often  lay- 
men going  by  said;  "It  is  strange  that  learned  men  can 
endure  this  indecency."  You  might  have  seen  every- 
where in  the  court  under  the  windows  the  filth  of  the 
night,5  and  it  once  happened  that  our  Prince  Philip 
passed  by,  and  couldn't  sufficiently  close  his  mouth 
and  nose.6  And  what's  more  unseemly,  sometimes 
they  had  such  ill-advised  habits  during  the  day  that 
they  offended  the  masters  and  others  walking  there. 
It  is  highly  useful  to  diminish  these  things  and  to 
remedy  them. 

Cam.  You've  spoken  well,  and  I've  had  the  same 
thought  several  times  myself. 

5  squalor  em  noctium  de  urina. 

6  Prince  Philip  the  Upright  was  not  the  only  noble  who  suffered 
such  a  mishap.  St.  Louis,  at  an  earlier  date,  had  a  similar  experience. 
This  anecdote  has  been  preserved  in  the  form  of  an  interesting  minia- 
ture of  the  fifteenth  century,  which  bears  the  legend:  "St.  Louis, 
King  of  France,  going  to  matins  at  the  Cordeliers  Church,  Paris, '  ung 
estudiant  par  mesprison  lui  tumba  son  orinal  sur  son  chief.'     The 
King,  instead  of  punishing  the  student,  gave  him  the  prebendary  of 
St.  Quentin  in  Vermandois, '  because  he  was  in  the  habit  of  getting  up 
at  this  hour  to  study.'"   Paul  Lacroix,  Science  and  Literature  in  the 
Middle  Ages  and  at  the  Period  of  the  Renaissance,  p.  19,  figure  21. 


76  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  It  seems  to  me,  to  express  my  own  opinion, 
that  our  masters  could  have  done  nothing  better,  both 
for  our  advantage  and  for  protecting  the  good  name  of 
the  lodgings.  Look  at  the  walls  and  the  houses.  Isn't 
it  disgraceful  that  they  are  so  disfigured?  Unless  it's 
stopped,  a  bad  reputation  for  us  will  grow  up  among 
the  people. 

Cam.  Now  you've  persuaded  me  so  that,  with  you, 
I  approve  that  act,  and  I  won't  be  angry  any  longer. 
I'll  gladly  pay  the  money;  after  this,  I'll  be  more  care- 
ful. But  it's  time  for  dinner.  So  long. 


CHAPTER  XII 

VARIOUS  CONVERSATIONS  AMONG  STUDENTS 

Cam.  I  was  at  a  lecture.  I  don't  suppose  I  learned  a 
single  word.  Our  preceptors  compel  us,  we  spend  our 
time  to  no  purpose. 

Bar.  How's  that?  I  suppose  you  don't  pay  atten- 
tion. Explain  to  me  what's  the  bother. 

Cam.  The  trouble  is  this,  the  subject  matter  is  too 
deep  and  serious.  I'd  rather  give  my  money  and  not 
enter;  I'd  do  something  worth  while. 

Bar.  What  sort  of  a  lecture  is  it? 

Cam.  On  the  books  de  anima. 

Bar.  This  book  is  of  very  little  use  to  the  unintel- 
ligent or  to  those  who  lack  preparation.  Why  did  you 
enter  it? 

Cam.  Oughtn't  I  to  take  it? 

Bar.  Ask  your  master.  Perhaps  he  can  find  a  way 
out  of  it. 

Cam.  I  did  ask  him.  He  says  there  isn't  any 
remedy.  If  I  want  to  take  it,  it'll  be  necessary  to  at- 
tend regularly. 

Bar .  I  must  be  silent  if  that's  the  way  your  master 
feels  about  it. 

Cam.  Ha,  ha,  nevertheless  I'll  do  as  I  please. 


Bar.  I've  been  summoned  by  the  rector,  and  he 
thinks  he's  going  to  extort  a  fine  from  me.  I'm  so  hot 

77 


78  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

with  anger  that  you  could  hardly  find  a  drop  of  blood 
in  my  body. 

Cam.  Why  did  he  summon  you? 

Bar.  I  wear  this  stomacher,  and  open-work  collar,1 
and  he  looked  at  my  pleated  linen  shirt  as  if  I  were  the 
only  one  who  wore  one! 

Cam.  I  know  there's  a  rule  that  no  one  shall  wear 
them.  When  I  warned  you,  you  didn't  care  to  be- 
lieve it. 

1  Quod  pectorde  defer o  ac  collirium  cancellatum.  Many  statutes  of 
the  fifteenth  century  strongly  insist  that  students  wear  proper 
clothing. 

Leipzig,  1458  (Statutenbucher,  p.  59):  "No  student  of  the  univer- 
sity shall  go  about  publicly  with  pointed  shoes,  with  a  tunic  too 
strikingly  short,  or  with  mantle  open  at  the  side,  or  in  silk  sleeves 
partly  open  to  the  shoulder  or  to  the  elbow,  or  with  open-work  collar, 
or  other  indecent  garments,  on  penalty  of  half  a  florin  as  many  times 
as  he  shall  be  accused  and  convicted  thereof." 

Erfurt,  1447  (Aden,  i,  p.  21):  "No  one  shall  go  about  in  public 
places  in  bifurcated  garments,  or  strikingly  short  or  conspicuously 
long  garments,  or  with  offensive  weapons,  on  penalty  to  be  imposed  at 
the  discretion  of  the  university,  and  on  penalty  of  losing  his  weapons." 

Heildelberg,  1421  (Urkundenbuch,  i,p.  121):  "  .  .  .  with  indecent 
clothes,  or  lay  garments,  or  divided  contrary  to  the  usual  manner " 

There  were  many  statutes  under  the  titles:  "Statute  prohibiting 
the  wearing  of  improper  clothing,"  "Clothing,"  "Proper  Clothing," 
"Concerning  proper  garments  for  simple  students  and  bachelors," 
etc.  See  the  following:  Heidelberg,  1421  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  120), 
1434  (ibid.,  i,  p.  134),  1437  (ibid.,  i,  pp.  140-141),  1444  (ibid.,  i,  p. 
152),  1491  (ibid.,i,  p.  198),  1518  (ibid.,  i,  p.  210);  Erfurt,  1412  (Aden, 
ii,  p.  145);  Leipzig,  1437  (Statutenbucher,  p.  343),  1447  (ibid.,  p.  355), 
1463  (ibid.,  p.  344),  1458  (ibid.,  p.  59),  1495  (ibid.,  p.  105),  1496 
(ibid.,  pp.  18-19). 

See  Die  Grenzboten,  Jg.  25  (1866),  ii,  pp.  218-219;  Rashdall,  op.  cit., 
ii,  pp.  636-644;  Reicke,  op.  cit.,  p.  36;  Schultz,  op.  cit.,  i,  p.  211.  See 
also  Appendix,  8,  infra. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  79 

Bar.  Why  doesn't  he  summon  the  others  in  the 
same  way? 

Cam.  It  isn't  for  us  to  judge  what  he  does,  but 
rather  to  obey  the  rules. 

Bar.  I'll  see  if  I  can  make  up  some  excuses. 

Cam.   That  would  be  the  best  plan. 


Bar.  Where  are  you  going,  Cam? 

Cam.  To  the  disputation. 

Bar.  I'll  go  with  you.  Wait  for  me  a  little,  I've 
something  to  say  to  my  master.  I'll  come  shortly. 

Cam.  Be  quick  then,  or  it'll  be  too  late. 

Bar.  I  will.  —  See,  I  did  hurry.  Yesterday  I 
decided  that  today  I  would  go  to  the  disputation,  for 
the  respondents  are  good  and  keen  and  have  individ- 
ual ideas,  and  hold  them  against  our  ordinary  use,  and 
they  are  full  of  contentions.  You'll  hear  wonders. 

Cam.  It's  easy  enough  to  say  that  they  hold  them, 
but  they  give  way  before  the  arguments  of  the  masters. 

Bar.  They're  not  at  all  strong  in  their  facts. 

Cam.  What  do  you  think?  .Aren't  there  some  mas- 
ters of  twenty  years'  standing?  They  have  examined 
many  books  and  writings,  proved  the  keenness  of  their 
authors,  and  practise  it  in  argument.  I  can't  believe 
that  the  respondents  are  able  to  resist,  for  they  are 
mere  beardless  youths. 

Bar.  Your  judgment  is  good,  but  your  under- 
standing is  better.  When  I  first  heard  it,  I  thought  the 
matter  stupid;  but  they  are  determined  and  very 
presumptuous. 


8o  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  All  the  worse,  but  let's  listen.  — 

Bar.  What  do  you  think  of  this  disputation,  Cam? 
They've  responded  very  well.  I'd  never  have  sup- 
posed them  so  learned  and  erudite. 

Cam.  To  tell  the  truth,  I  liked  it.  But  Master  John 
Rechenmacher  is  too  impetuous,  and  shouts  at  them 
as  if  he  were  mad. 

Bar.  He  does  that  to  all  the  respondents.  For, 
whatever  they  say,  if  they  don't  agree  with  him,  he 
rages  at  them,  as  it  were;  and  if  they  follow  him,  he 
says  they  don't  know  anything. 

Cam.  That's  an  old  and  hard-shelled  custom  of  his. 
But  what  do  you  think  of  Master  Martin,  who  almost 
trapped  him  with  a  fallacy? 

Bar.  It's  characteristic  of  all  nominalists,  that  they 
come  with  their  hollow  arguments.  I  don't  care  for  it. 

Cam.  But  it's  splendid  to  know  how  to  solve  things, 
and  the  dialectician  is  skilled  in  this. 

Bar.  But  who  will  end  all  his  days  in  sophisms? 
Aren't  there  many  higher  sciences  and  faculties,  to 
which  one  ought  to  devote  his  attention? 

Cam.  That's  quite  my  opinion.  It's  time  for  break- 
fast. So  long. 

Bar.  I  was  at  a  late  disputation.2  I'm  all  worn  out; 
I'll  hardly  go  again. 

2  Eram  in  disputatione  serotina.  The  disputatio  serotina  was  held 
every  evening  after  dinner  (coena). 

Leipzig,  1496  (Statuteribiicher,  pp.  22-23):  "CONCERNING  THE  LATE 
AND  ORDINARY  DISPUTATIONS.  We  desire  that  each  and  every  student 
completing  his  studies  for  any  degree  in  arts,  shall  be  obliged  to  partic- 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  81 

Cam.  Why? 

Bar.  It  seems  useless  to  me  for  an  opponent  of  this 
sort  to  bring  out  his  first  porridge.3  That  bachelor  was 
stuttering  so  that  I  could  hardly  understand  a  third  of 
what  he  said.  I  even  think  that  he  has  conceived  a 
fondness  for  his  own  discourse. 

Cam.  Have  you  heard  the  old  saying,  "all  poor 
speakers  use  many  words"? 

Bar.  Others  do  the  same  thing;  they  speak  a  great 
many  words  to  no  purpose. 

Cam.  It's  an  old  practice,  and  it  won't  be  laid  aside 
on  our  account. 

Bar.  I'll  scarcely  go  again. 

ipate  in  useful  disputations  of  this  sort  and  to  observe  the  rule  con- 
cerning the  speaking  of  Latin,  and  that  they  shall  oppose,  argue,  and 
respond  therein  in  their  order.  The  proctors  also  of  the  colleges  and 
approved  lodgings  should  be  obliged  to  exact  penalties  in  each  semes- 
ter from  students  not  opposing,  not  arguing,  and  not  responding,  and 
not  taking  part  in  the  late  disputation,  and  speaking  in  the  vernac- 
ular." 

Leipzig,  1497  (Statutenbucher,  p.  239) :  "At  the  time  of  the  late  dis- 
putation no  one  shall  hinder  or  annoy  the  one  opposing,  responding, 
arguing,  or  any  one  else  then  present,  and  especially  the  proctor,  with 
noise,  clapping,  uproar,  or  any  other  disturbance  or  annoyance,  on 
penalty  of  five  groschen." 

Leipzig,  1499  (Statutenbucher,  p.  471):  "CONCERNING  DILIGENT 

PARTICIPATION  IN  THE  LATE  DISPUTATION  BY  BACHELORS  AND  STU- 
DENTS. The  faculty  of  arts  has  decreed  that  they  shall  diligently 
attend  the  late  disputation  of  the  colleges  and  lodgings,  the  simple 
students  as  well  as  the  bachelors,  and  shall  dispute,  argue,  and  re- 
spond." Repeated,  1507  (ibid.,  p.  497). 

8  prodium.  DuCange,  Glossarium  ad  Scriptores  Mediae  et  Infimae 
Latinitatis  vi;  pp.  523-524:  Prodium,  pro  Brodium,  nostris  Brouet, 
Dictionnaire  Internationale,  Fran$ais- Anglais.  Edited  by  Hamilton, 
H.,  and  Legros,  E-  (Paris,  1901):  "Brouet .  .  .  porridge ...  (in  joke) 
mess." 


82  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  They've  made  it  a  sort  of  rule  that  from  now 
on  the  use  of  the  libri  physicorum  shall  not  be  pro- 
hibited. I  can't  understand  why  our  masters  are  so 
concerned  about  this,  as  if  there  were  any  advantage 
in  it. 

Bar.  Do  you  know  why  they  do  it? 

Cam.  I  haven't  the  slightest  idea. 

Bar.  If  this  weren't  so,  few  or  none  would  enter  the 
disputation. 

Cam.  Why  wasn't  this  the  rule  in  our  time? 

Bar.  I  don't  know,  but  many  things  change  in  time, 
so  will  this  also.  I  see  my  fellow-countryman  Peter, 
I'll  go  to  meet  him. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

COMMONPLACES 

Bar.  Where  were  you,  Cam? 
Cam.  In  the  lecture  room  of  the  ordinary  disputa- 
tions.1 

1  The  disputatio  ordinaria  was  a  more  important  affair  than  the 
disputatio  serotina.  It  was  held  once  a  week  in  the  arts  faculty,  and 
on  such  days  no  lectures,  or  other  exercises,  were  held.  Usually  the 
entire  faculty,  with  the  dean  at  the  head,  attended.  Many  contem- 
porary comments  indicate  that  the  ordinary  disputation  was  a  long 
drawn-out,  fatiguing  performance;  it  began  in  summer  at  five  o'clock, 
in  winter  at  six,  and  lasted  all  day,  interrupted  only  by  the  midday 
meal.  Several  days  before  the  disputation  was  to  take  place,  the  mas- 
ter, who  was  to  preside,  posted  questions  (quaestiones)  and  theses 
(sophismata)  upon  the  doors  of  the  colleges  and  lodgings.  Other  mas- 
ters accepted  these  as  a  sort  of  challenge,  and  prepared  themselves 
to  play  the  r61e  of  opponents;  the  bachelors,  on  the  other  hand,  re- 
sponded, i.e.,  supported  or  defended  the  presiding  master.  See 
Reicke,  op.  cit.,  p.  36. 

Leipzig,  1410  (Statutenbucher,  p.  311):  "CONCERNING  ATTENDANCE 

BY  BACHELORS  UPON  THE  ORDINARY  DISPUTATION    ...   it  Was  decreed 

and  ordained  that  every  bachelor  of  arts  should  be  present  at  the 
ordinary  disputations,  and  should  not  neglect  three  in  succession,  on 
penalty  of  eight  new  groschen  to  be  paid  as  often  as  he  shall  be  neglect- 
ful, according  to  the  form  already  established."  See  Leipzig,  1410 
(Statutenbucher,  p.  311):  "CONCERNING  ATTENDANCE  BY  CANDIDATES 

FOR   PROMOTION   UPON   THE    ORDINARY   DISPUTATION;"    and   Leipzig, 

1436  (Statutenbucher,  pp.  336-337):  "CONCERNING  THE  ORDINARY 

DISPUTATION." 

Leipzig,  1499-1522  (Statutenbucher,  pp.  468-469):  "CONCERNING 

THE  NUMBER  OF  DISPUTATIONS  AT  WHICH  CANDIDATES  FOR  THE  BACH- 
ELOR'S DEGREE  ARE  OBLIGED  TO  BE  PRESENT.  No  one  may  be  ad- 

83 


84  THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  What  good  did  you  get  from  it? 

Cam.  The  statutes  were  read. 

Bar.  I've  heard  them  so  many  times  that  it  bores 
me  to  listen  to  them  any  more.  I  should  usually  pre- 
fer to  hear  our  privileges,  but  I'm  not  so  lucky. 

Cam.  You're  a  child,  you  talk  foolishly.  If  the  lord 
rector  could  collect  as  much  money  from  the  privileges 
as  from  the  statutes,  I  believe  they'd  be  read  to  us 
every  year. 

Bar.  You  agree  with  me,  I  see. 


Cam.  Do  you  remember  the  money  I  lent  you  so 
readily,  Bart?  You  promised  to  return  it  in  a  short 
time.  You  don't  do  it.  I'm  hard  up. 

Bar.  Don't  judge  me  too  harshly,  Cam. 

Cam.  I  won't  do  so  intentionally,  God  help  me. 

Bar.  I  haven't  any  money  now.   I  am  expecting  a 

mitted  to  the  examination  for  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  unless  he 
can  say,  on  his  conscience,  that  he  has  been  present  at  thirty  ordinary 
disputations,  as  well  of  the  masters  as  of  the  bachelors,  as  long  at 
least  as  five  masters  or  bachelors  were  arguing,  if  there  were  so  many 
arguing  there."  Leipzig,  1499-1522  (Statutenbucher,  p.  483):  "CON- 
CERNING THE  RESPONDING  OF  CANDIDATES  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  BACH- 
ELOR. No  one  should  be  admitted  to  the  examination  for  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  arts,  unless  he  has  responded  six  times  in  the  ordinary 
and  as  often  in  the  extraordinary  disputations,  as  well  to  the  masters 
as  to  the  bachelors,  on  Sundays  or  on  other  days." 

Leipzig,  1436  (Statutenbucher,  p.  338) :  "CONCERNING  THE  HOUR  FOR 
BEGINNING  THE  ORDINARY  DISPUTATION.  The  one  disputing  in  an 
ordinary  disputation  must  appear  (intrare)  in  summer  about  ten 
o'clock,  and  in  winter  about  eleven  o'clock;  and  stop  in  winter  before 
one,  and  in  summer  before  twelve." 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  85 

messenger  from  home  every  day.  As  soon  as  he  comes, 
I'll  satisfy  you. 

Cam.  That's  the  way  you  always  talk.  You  know 
I'm  poor  and  need  money,  and  you  don't  consider  it  at 
all.  But  I  ask  you,  for  the  sake  of  that  mutual  friend- 
ship that  we  agreed  upon  long  ago,  not  to  put  off  pay- 
ing me  any  longer. 

Bar.  I'll  see  to  it  most  carefully. 


Cam.  Are  you  sending  a  messenger  home? 

Bar.  Yes. 

Cam.  Please  ask  him,  for  me,  to  take  some  letters  to 
my  parents. 

Bar.  See  him  yourself.  I'll  give  you  some  advice  as 
to  how  you  may  get  him  to  do  your  errand. 

Cam.   Tell  me,  what's  the  method? 

Bar.  If  you  give  him  a  bottle  of  wine  as  a  present, 
he'll  do  it  gladly. 

Cam.  I  haven't  any  money. 

Bar.  Then  you'll  waste  your  time. 

Cam.  He'll  be  going  any  way,  and  he  could  do  this 
errand  as  well  as  not. 

Bar.  As  you  like,  but  I  know  what  the  situation  is. 
You're  always  displaying  your  stinginess,  you  can't 
conceal  it,  it's  frequently  breaking  forth.  Liberality 
will  never  be  your  long  suit. 

Cam.  If  he  isn't  willing,  he  may  refuse.  As  for  me, 
I'm  on  my  way. 

Bar.  I  almost  got  a  rise  out  of  you  that  time.  Go, 
then,  you  who  can't  listen  to  the  truth. 


86  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  Bart,  I  come  to  ask  you  to  lend  me  three 
silver  pennies  for  a  short  time.  To  tell  you  my  inner- 
most secrets,  I  haven't  had  a  single  farthing  for  a  whole 
week.  If  I  can  ever  be  of  service  to  you,  I'll  do  it 
gladly. 

Bar.  I  have  very  little  money  now.  Be  sure  of  one 
thing  that  you  return  it  to  me  within  a  month  ;other- 
wise  all  our  friendship  will  be  dissolved.  I  have  no 
friend  so  close  that  I'd  trust  him  now,  if  I  lose  you. 

Cam.  I  won't  go  back  on  you. 

Bar.  See  to  it  that  you  keep  your  promise. 

Cam.  I'll  do  so. 

Bar.  I'm  in  great  sorrow,  and  I  don't  know  which 
way  to  turn. 

Cam.  What's  troubling  you? 

Bar.  Bad  news. 

Cam.  What  sort  of  news? 

Bar.  Both  of  my  parents  are  dead. 

Cam.  Are  you  joking? 

Bar.  Would  to  God  I  were. 

Cam.  Tell  me,  is  the  news  certain? 

Bar.  Absolutely  certain. 

Cam.  I'm  truly  sorry  for  you.  What  are  you  going 
to  do  now? 

Bar .  I'll  go  home  as  soon  as  possible,  for  I  have  a 
brother  and  a  little  sister,  and  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
money.  My  friends  urge  me  to  take  up  the  care  of  the 
household,  lest  our  goods  be  scattered  and  fall  into  the 
hands  of  others. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  87 

Cam.  What'll  be  done  now  about  study? 
Bar.  Nothing,  except  that  I'll  postpone  it. 
Cam.  That's  serious. 
Bar.  Not  only  serious,  but  provoking. 
Cam.  Put  your  trust  in  God,  for  those  who  hope  in 
him  have  never  been  abandoned. 
Bar.  I  must  do  so. 


Cam.  I've  heard  horrible  news,  I'm  frightened  out 
of  my  wits.2 

Bar.  What  is  it? 

Cam.  A  fellow-countryman  has  arrived,  who  says 
that  the  plague  rages  so  fiercely  at  home,  that  more 
than  thirty  are  buried  every  day. 

Bar.  Do  you  mean  that? 

Cam.  It's  a  fact. 

Bar.  How  you  scare  me!  I  won't  wait;  I'll  find  him 
as  quickly  as  possible,  so  that  I  may  know  for  certain 
what  the  facts  are. 

2  timor  me  circumdedit  et  tremor  oppressit.  Literally,  "fear  takes 
complete  possession  of  me,  and  terror  overwhelms  me." 


CHAPTER  XIV 

How  THE  STUDENTS  TALK  ABOUT  WOMEN  WHEN  THEY  ARE 
IN  THE  FLAME  OF  LOVE 

Cam.  Where  are  you  coming  from,  Bart? 

Bar.  I've  been  to  church  for  worship.  I  wish  I'd 
stayed  at  home. 

Cam.  What  happened? 

Bar.  Don't  ask.    I  won't  tell  any  one. 

Cam.  Won't  you  even  tell  me? 

Bar.  Keep  slill,  it's  no  use  to  ask. 

Cam.  Haven't  you  often  read,  "Among  friends  all 
things  ought  to  be  in  common"? 

Bar.  Yes,  I  know,  but  you  can't  help  me. 

Cam.  Neither  shall  I  do  any  harm.  If  you'd  explain 
the  matter  to  me,  I  might  help  you. 

Bar.  I'm  afraid  there  isn't  any  help. 

Cam.  Speak  out;  if  I  can,  I'll  help  you. 

Bar.  Keep  it  under  your  hat,  then.1 

Cam.  I'll  be  utterly  dumb. 

Bar.  I  was  at  church,  and  saw  a  certain  girl.  When 
she  turned,  and  looked  back  at  me,  my  heart  melted; 
my  whole  body  was  set  on  fire,  so  that  I  didn't  know 
what  to  do. 

Cam.  Who  was  the  girl? 

Bar.  Do  you  know  the  older  daughter  of  Gabriel 
Schwartz? 

1  Sis  ergo  laciturnus. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  89 

Cam.  I  know  her. 

Bar.  It  was  she. 

Cam.  Take  my  advice  and  be  careful,  for  she  is  ill, 
and  is  now  poisonous.2  She  is  as  poisonous  as  a  serpent. 
Keep  this  in  mind :  if  you  had  got  any  closer  to  her,  you 
would  have  been  in  great  and  serious  danger. 

Bar.  What  do  I  hear?  I  don't  understand  this. 
What's  this  about  women? 

Cam.  Don't  you  know,  Bart? 

Bar.  No,  tell  me  about  it. 

Cam.  Every  month  women  are  unwell.3  Then  they 
are  more  poisonous  than  vipers,  so  that  if  one  looks  at 
any  of  them,  he  won't  escape  without  harm.  Some- 
times, even,  one  is  so  weakened  and  so  completely  in- 
fected at  the  sight  of  them  that  he  dies. 

Bar.  Now  I  shrink  from  women.  Are  virgins  like 
this  too? 

Cam.  Yes,  and  more  often  than  women. 

Bar.  Never  again  will  I  look  at  a  woman.  You've 
done  me  a  great  kindness  in  explaining  this.  So  long. 
I  see  my  master;  I'll  go  to  him. 


Bar.  Where  are  you  going,  Cam? 
Cam.  To    the    hall.     They    are    dancing    there.4 
Won't  you  go  with  me? 

2  Cave,  obsecro,  quia  menstruosa  est  ei  lam  venenosa.    A  popular 
medieval  theory.   See  Hugo  Magnus,  Die  Organ-  und  Blut-Therapie, 
pp.  54-62. 

3  Nam  quolibet  mense  mulieres  fluxum  sanguinis  patiuntur. 

4  Erfurt,  1447  (Aden,  i,  p.  21) :  "Students  are  charged  not  to  go  to 
city  dances,  unless  they  are  especially  invited."   Heidelberg,  1454 


90  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  No. 

Cam.  You'd  see  something  pleasant. 

Bar.  What? 

Cam.  Forms  of  girls  and  women  like  angels;  your 
heart  would  be  delighted,  as  if  placed  in  the  joy  of 
paradise. 

Bar.  I  don't  like  dances,  nor  do  I  care  to  look  on 
women.  Much  more  beautiful  is  the  sight  of  wisdom, 
which  is  acquired  by  the  study  of  letters.  For  the  joy 
of  paradise  rests  where  the  reward  is  gained  by  abun- 
dance of  virtues  and  disciplines.  Now  in  the  dance  hall, 
if  you  weigh  it  well,  there  the  thing  is  devilish;  not 
prudence,  but  passion,  not  learning,  not  justice,  not 
truth,  but  sham.  The  roses  seem  to  blossom  on  the 
cheek  and  there  is  all  that  beauty  on  the  surface,  but 
inside  there  is  an  ulcer,  full  of  madness,  and  foulness, 
and  poison. 

Cam.  Shut  up,  or  you'll  make  me  never  look  at  a 
woman. 

Bar.  Have  I  said  anything  but  the  truth?  What 
plague  is  more  virulent  than  woman? 

Cam.  I  admit  it,  but  you  interpret  everything 
about  them  in  the  worst  way. 

Bar .  Tell  it  as  bad  as  you  can,  they'll  be  worse 
than  you  say. 

(Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  171) :  "The  students  of  our  university  must  not 
attend  public  dances,  or  tournaments,  about  the  time  of  the  fasts,  or 
at  any  other  time,  on  such  severe  penalties  as  may  be  imposed  by  the 
rector  for  the  time  being." 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  91 

Cam.  As  for  me,  I'll  stay  here  and  pursue  the  liberal 
arts  with  you. 
Bar.  You  do  well,  Cam. 


Cam.  Come  out  with  me,  Bart,  old  man.  Take  my 
word  for  it,  you  won't  repent  it. 

Bar.  Where  are  you  going? 

Cam.  To  Arnold's  house,  where  we'll  have  some 
good  cheer. 

Bar.  Who'U  be  there? 

Cam.  Beautiful  women  and  handsome  girls  will  be 
there.  We  shall  have  such  a  sight  that  you  could 
hardly  ask  for  anything  better. 

Bar.  Perhaps  you  lead  me  to  the  Mountain  of 
Love.5 

Cam.  Put  away  those  things,  and  listen  to  my 
prayer. 

Bar.  No,  I  won't  do  it. 

Cam.  Why  not? 

Bar .  I  know  what  danger  there  is  in  it. 

Cam.  No  danger  at  all. 

6  mons  Veneris.  Erfurt,  1412  (Aden,  ii,  p.  145):  "They  must  not 
have  clandestine  relations  with  indecent  or  suspected  women." 
Erfurt,  1447  (Acten,  i,  p.  24):  "If  any  one  shall  bring  in  women 
suspected  of  incontinence  and  be  convicted  thereof,  as  often  as  he 
does  so,  he  shall  pay  two  florins  to  the  treasury  of  the  university;  and 
if  after  punishment  he  'does  not  mend  his  ways,  he  shall  be  expelled 
from  the  lodgings  and  society  of  others;  in  any  case  he  shall  pay  the 
penalty  above  written.  Likewise,  if  any  one  shall  support  such  women 
in  any  notorious  place,  to  the  scandal  and  disgrace  of  the  university, 
he  shall  be  severely  punished." 


92  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  Tell  that  to  some  one  who  doesn't  know.  In 
one  hour  you  are  bound  to  be  so  inflamed  that  in  a 
fortnight  you'll  have  no  kind  of  appetite  for  study. 
Now  it's  clear  to  you  how  harmful  to  students  of  letters 
is  the  sight  of  women. 

Cam.  The  women  are  decent. 

Bar.  However,  I  won't  go,  lest  I  be  led  into  licen- 
tiousness. 

Cam.  I'll  get  pleasure  from  agreeable  conversation 
with  them. 

Bar.  Does  the  sweetness  of  words  tempt  you? 
Today's  disputation  is  sweeter,  in  which  the  words  of 
holy  and  learned  men  are  discussed  and  precepts  for 
proper  living  are  set  forth. 

Cam.  You're  right,  I'll  go  with  you. 


CHAPTER  XV 

TELLS  OF  WOMEN,  AS  BEFORE 

Cam.  Bart,  come  here,  please.  I'll  show  you  some- 
thing. 

Bar.  What  will  you  show  me? 

Cam.  Look  at  this.  Do  you  see  a  girl  going  by  now? 

Bar.  Yes. 

Cam.  Who  is  so  hard-hearted  and  indifferent  that 
he  doesn't  enjoy  such  a  sight? 

Bar.  What  a  stupid  question!  A  foolish  man  can't 
act  like  a  wise  man  because  he's  weak  and  vacillating 
by  nature. 

Cam.  You're  always  talking  about  wisdom. 

Bar.  That  alone  is  the  life  of  man.  Think  it  over, 
and  see  for  yourself  what  sort  of  speech  you've  just 
made.  The  sight  of  a  woman's  form  overcomes  you. 
What  would  the  sword  of  a  strong  man  do? 

Cam.  Oh,  go  'way.  I  don't  want  you  with  me  any 
longer. 

Bar.  You  can't  listen  to  the  truth. 

Cam.  Why  should  I  talk  to  you?  You  are  rougher, 
I  might  say  more  savage,  than  the  wild  animals.  Even 
among  the  beasts  each  loves  the  other  as  his  life 
companion. 

Bar .  And,  if  I  must  tell  the  truth,  you're  more  like 
the  beasts  than  like  a  wise  man,  for  you  are  moved  by 
feeling,  not  by  reason. 

93 


94  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  I  admit  it.  A  certain  sight  moved  me,  and  if 
I  wish  to  follow  reason,  I'll  say  the  opposite. 

Bar.  Now  I'll  leave,  since  I  have  what  I  want.  So 
long.  

Bar.  See.  Isn't  this  valuable,  beautiful,  and  costly? 

Cam.  Where  did  you  get  it? 

Bar.  It  was  given  to  me  as  a  present.  Oh,  how 
gentle  were  those  hands  from  which  I  received  it! 

Cam.  I  see,  it's  a  ring.  Although  you  value  it,  it's 
worth  only  three  or  four  silver  pennies.  But  tell  me, 
what  kind  of  hands  were  they  you  told  me  about. 
I  can't  imagine. 

Bar.  The  gift  doesn't  please  me  so  much  as  the 
kindness  of  the  giver. 

Cam.  Tell  me,  who  gave  it  to  you? 

Bar.  I  shall  tell  no  one. 

Cam.  No  one  at  all? 

Bar.  The  elder  daughter  of  the  judge. 

Cam.  Surely  you  are  jesting. 

Bar.  Why? 

Cam.  That  you  value  this  small  thing.  If  you 
knew  and  understood  what  I  know,  you'd  put  this 
thing  far  from  you. 

Bar.  Tell  me,  what  is  it? 

Cam.   I  will,  if  you'll  keep  it  to  yourself. 

Bar .  I'm  not  so  talkative  that  I  gabble  everything 
about. 

Cam.  Look  out,  lest  a  noose  draw  tight  around 
your  neck,  and  the  ring  be  changed  to  an  iron  fetter. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  95 

Bar.  I  don't  quite  understand  this  talk  of  yours. 
What  are  you  driving  at? 

Cam.  I'll  explain.  They  say  that  she  has  been  de- 
flowered. Some  one  else  got  the  nut;  if  you  wish,  you 
may  have  the  shell. 

Bar.  What  do  you  say?   Surely  she  is  chaste. 

Cam.  Now  I  see  that  you  are  violently  in  love  with 
her.1  If  you  don't  believe  what  I  say,  take  a  good  look 
at  her  and  you'll  see  for  yourself.2 

Bar.  Where  did  you  get  this  information,  Cam? 

Cam.  It's  the  town  talk.  Her  father  will  make 
haste  to  marry  her  off  to  you,  if  he  can. 

Bar.  It  has  been  my  intention  all  along  to  marry 
her. 

Cam.  Oh  extreme  of  madness,  oh  most  manifest 
insanity !  On  account  of  one  mere  woman,  and  such  a 
common  one,  would  you  give  up  the  study  of  the 
liberal  arts,  which  you  love  and  admire  so  much?  Get 
this  out  of  your  mind,  I  say,  and  see  to  it  that  you  are 
a  man. 

Bar.  What  can  I  do?  Love  has  struck  in  to  my 
very  bones. 

Cam.  What  do  I  hear?  WeU!  a  remedy!  Think 
what  a  changeable  creature  a  woman  is,  how  unman- 
ageable, and  how  she  can  not  be  held  in  by  any  curb. 
Bear  it  in  mind  that  this  one  is  dishonored,  corrupt, 
and  deflowered,  and  surely  what  love  you  have  for 
her  will  be  extinguished  and  utterly  blotted  out. 

1  ipsam  ardes.  Cf.  Virgil,  Bucolka,  2,  v.  i. 

2  Tu  verbis  si  meis  fidem  non  hdbes,  conspice  ventrem,  nunquid 
tumescit? 


96  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  I'll  do  so.  I  know  that  I'll  give  you  the 
greatest  thanks  since  you  didn't  hesitate  to  explain 
the  things  that  I  didn't  know.  I'll  see  what  is  proper 
for  me.  So  long. 

Cam.  If  you  aren't  busy,  old  man,  come  out  with 
me. 

Bar.  Whereto? 

Cam.  You'll  know  later. 

Bar.  I  prefer  to  know  beforehand. 

Cam.  At  any  rate,  you'll  approve  it. 

Bar.  I  won't  go  unless  you  tell  me. 

Cam.  I  won't  lead  you  astray,  as  you'll  see. 

Bar.  I  haven't  any  faith  in  you,  even  if  you  give 
your  oath. 

Cam.  I'll  take  you  to  the  evening  dances.3 

Bar.  What  good  are  they? 

Cam.  Loveliness  for  the  eyes,  a  crowd  of  women  and 
girls. 

Bar.  Shows  are  foolish;  nothing  is  more  harmful 
than  to  see  them. 

Cam.  You're  a  theologian,  you're  old-fashioned. 

Bar.  Don't  try  to  reproach  theology;  it  would  be 
better  for  you  than  foolish  things. 

Cam.  I  shall  go  all  the  same. 

Bar.  You  aren't  wise  in  this. 

Cam.  No  harm  '11  come  of  it. 

Bar.  None?  Don't  you  see  the  crowd  of  townies 
who  always  lie  in  wait  for  us,  and  seek  occasion  by 

3  Cf .  Chapter  XIV,  note  4. 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  97 

fair  means  or  foul  to  attack  us?  What  if  they  pitch 
into  you  and  beat  you  up? 4 

Cam.  You  couldn't  say  anything  truer.  I  see  some 
who  have  a  deadly  grudge  against  me.  I'm  much 
obliged  to  you  for  telling  me  this.  Now  I'll  stay. 

Bar .  I  didn't  advise  your  going. 

Cam.  I'll  go  to  bed,  and  tomorrow,  as  they  say,  I'll 
get  up  whole  and  with  a  whole  skin. 

Bar.  That's  a  good  idea;  you'll  avoid  danger. 

Cam.  So  long,  Bart. 

Bar.  So  long,  Cam. 

4  See  Rait,  op.  cit.}  chapter  vii;  Rashdall,  op.  cit.,  ii,  pp.  677-686. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

COMMONPLACES  AMONG  STUDENTS 

Cam.  The  dog-days  are  near  at  hand;  I  feel  it  in 
my  head. 

Bar.   In  what  way  do  you  feel  it? 

Cam.  Because  I'm  getting  a  loathing  for  study. 

Bar.  I  think  all  days  are  dog-days  for  you. 

Cam.  Why? 

Bar.  Because  you  seldom  have  any  desire  for  study. 

Cam.  I  suppose  you  learn  all  the  more  eagerly  for 
that. 

Bar.  You  are  getting  angry. 

Cam.  You  don't  see  the  point,  but  then  not  every- 
thing should  be  explained  to  you. 

Bar.  Did  you  ever  hear  that  there  are  two  kinds  of 
men?  One  kind  gets  angry,  the  other  doesn't  care  a 
rap. 

Cam.  Do  you  like  to  make  fun  of  me? 

Bar.  What  if  I  say  that  I  do? 

Cam.  What  if  I  pull  your  hair? 

Bar.   So  soon? 

Cam.  Sooner  than  you  would  like. 

Bar.  And  what  would  I  do  then? 

Cam.  We'll  fight  it  out,  if  you  like,  and  I'll  show 
you  the  number  of  my  nails. 

Bar.  I  prefer  to  be  quiet,  and  take  your  word  for  it. 

98 


THE  MANUALS  SCHOLARIUM  99 

I  know  that  you  are  quarrelsome.   I  desire  to  be  more 
discreet  than  to  get  into  a  fist  fight,  so  I'll  go  away. 


Cam.  The  princes  are  coming.  Don't  you  hear  the 
trumpeters? 

Bar.  I  hear  them. 

Cam.  Let's  go  to  see  them. 

Bar.  Haven't  you  ever  seen  the  princes  before? 

Cam.  I  have,  but  they  have  such  a  display  now 
that  I  want  very  much  to  see  it. 

Bar.  You're  as  easily  moved  as  a  woman,  who 
wants  to  look  at  everything.  Stay  here,  and  I'll  show 
you  a  certain  letter  of  Cicero,  in  which  as  in  a  very 
mirror  you'll  see  this  most  ancient  philosopher  and 
preceptor  of  life. 

Cam.  I'll  be  glad  to.    Where  is  it? 

Bar.   See,  here  it  is. 


Cam.  Where  are  you  coming  from? 

Bar.  I'll  tell  you  something  wonderful.  I've  seen  a 
juggler's  exhibition. 

Cam.  Good  God,  what  do  I  hear!  You're  always 
restraining  others,  and  you've  fallen  into  the  very 
pitfall  that  you  advise  against. 

Bar.  Don't  be  astonished.  Master  N.  is  respon- 
sible; he  wanted  to  see  the  show  and  asked  me  to  go 
with  him.  I  dared  not  refuse,  especially  since  he  paid 
my  admission. 

Cam.  What  did  you  see  that  was  any  good? 


ioo  THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Bar.  Nothing  that's  worth  telling,  or  that  gave  me 
any  pleasure.  He  knew  how  to  wrestle,  which  is  com- 
mon enough;  and  he  had  a  wolf,  which  obeyed  the 
human  voice,  at  which  I  was  surprised  for  a  time. 
Afterwards,  he  made  transparent  forms  go  out  of  a 
certain  veiled  place,  which  fought  among  themselves. 
But  best  part  falls  to  the  juggler,  for  he  gets  the  money 
and  fills  his  purse;  otherwise,  I  couldn't  see  anything 
that  was  good. 

Cam.  I  wish  I'd  been  with  you. 

Bar.  It  makes  little  difference  whether  one  sees 
these  things  or  not.  Even  if  I  were  able  to  see  it  all 
free  all  day,  I  should  prefer  to  stay  away  than  to 
waste  time  on  this  folly. 

Cam.  You  persuade  me  not  to  see  it,  but  I'll  go  to 
the  sermon.1 

Bar.  That's  a  good  idea. 


Cam.  We'll  go  to  church  and  hear  the  sermon. 
They  say  that  monk  is  preaching  who  comes  from  Italy. 

Bar.  Perhaps  he's  that  stupid  fellow  who  belonged 
to  the  Friars  Minor  of  Heidelberg. 

Cam.  He  is. 

Bar.  I've  often  heard  him.  He  isn't  eloquent.  He 
talks  as  if  he  were  telling  stories. 

Cam.  But  he's  well  informed.  If  the  common  talk 
is  true,  he's  as  learned  as  any  one  in  the  town. 

1  Illo  sermone  facis,  quod  non  conspicar,  sed  ibo  ad  sermonem. 
Literally:  "  Your  sermon  persuades  me  not  to  see  it.  but  I  '11  go  to  the 
sermon."  A  play  on  two  uses  of  the  word  sermo. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  101 

Bar.  I  don't  dispute  it.  But  at  this  moment  I  have 
a  reason  for  going  away.    Time  doesn't  permit. 


Cam.  There'll  be  jousts2  in  the  market-place. 
Shall  we  go  to  see  them? 

Bar.  No. 

Cam.  Why  do  you  refuse?   Can't  you  go  with  me? 

Bar.  I  won't  go  to  see  them,  even  though  there  be 
tournaments.  No  good  will  come  from  it. 

Cam.  You'll  see  a  gathering  of  men  that  many  want 
to  see. 

Bar.  I  see  the  stark  lunacy  of  men,  and  how  many 
are  carousing.  Would  you  want  to  be  seen  in  that 
mob? 

Cam.  You  advise  so  strongly  against  it,  that  my 
desire  for  going  and  seeing  has  disappeared. 

2  hastiludia.    Cf .  Chapter  XIV,  note  4. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

HOW   ONE   OUGHT   TO    REPLY  WHEN   QUESTIONED 
CONCERNING  THE  CUSTOMS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 

Cam.  I'm  glad  to  see  you,  Bart,  old  scout,  glad 
you  arrived  safely. 

Bar.  Thanks,  old  man;  the  same  to  you. 

Cam.  What's  the  good  word  from  your  university? 

Bar.  I  have  a  little  business  with  a  relative. 

Cam.  Tell  me,  have  you  received  your  bachelor's 
degree? 

Bar.  Not  yet,  but  I'll  take  the  next  exam. 

Cam.   Good  luck  to  you. 

Bar.  The  same  to  you. 

Cam.  Isn't  there  a  crowd  of  students  now  at  your 
university? 

Bar.  A  real  crowd,  all  the  dorms  and  lodgings  are 
full.  I  don't  recall  a  time  at  which  there  was  such  a 
mob  as  there  is  now. 

Cam.  Is  the  university  getting  along  well? 

Bar.  As  far  as  I  can  make  out,  it  has  rarely  been  as 
flourishing  as  it  is  now. 

Cam.  Which  faculty  is  the  most  popular? 

Bar.  The  faculty  of  arts. 

Cam.  What  method  is  popular  now? 

Bar.  You'll  find  those  who  pursue  the  arts  accord- 
ing to  every  school,  but  the  method  of  the  doctor 
sanctus  cuts  the  widest  swath. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  103 

Cam.  I've  heard  from  many  that  formerly  that 
university  was  full  of  the  doctrines  of  the  nominalists. 

Bar.  That's  a  fact,  and  the  senior  masters,  mostly 
Swabians,  are  still  nominalists,  but  the  students  do  not 
favor  them. 

Cam.  But  what  do  you  say  concerning  the  method 
of  the  doctor  magnus,  or  the  doctor  subtilis? 

Bar.  Nothing.  Those  who  follow  Albert  are  few, 
merely  three  or  four  masters  graduated  at  Cologne, 
and  probably  just  as  many  follow  Scotus,  but  their 
audience  is  small  and  they  receive  little. 

Cam.  What  do  you  say  about  expenses?  What  does 
food  cost? 

Bar.  There  is  plenty  of  everything  in  the  market 
except  bread,  for  fine  white  flour  and  wheat  are  very 
high. 

Cam.  Leipzig  isn't  the  only  place  where  bread  is 
high.  For  the  last  few  days  you  couldn't  get  bread 
from  any  baker.  Your  beer  isn't  the  best  in  the 
world. 

Bar.  We're  accustomed  to  drink  the  rake  brand,  but 
sometimes  one  who  isn't  used  to  it  prefers  a  milder 
drink.1 

1  Sumus  assueti  raslrum  polar e.  "The  students  call  the  beer  of 
Leipzig  '  Rastrum/  a  metaphor  borrowed,  I  think,  from  the  farmers, 
because  just  as  they  turn  over  and  soften  the  hardness  of  the  soil  with 
rakes,  hoes,  and  mattocks,  so  the  beer  of  Leipzig,  with  its  acidity, 
injures,  moves,  and  destroys  the  intestines,  like  a  rake."  De  Generibus 
Ebriosorum  (1515),  in  Zarncke's  Die  deutschen  Universitaten  im Mittel- 
alter,  p.  144. 


104          THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Cam.  They  say  there's  a  doctor  of  medicine  in 
Leipzig  who  claims  some  skill. 

Bar.  Right  you  are,  but  if  there's  any  truth  in  what 
most  people  say  who  know,  his  fame  is  greater  than  his 
ability. 

Cam.  Old  sport,  I  have  a  relative,  an  affable  and 
well  informed  young  fellow,  who  wants  to  go  to  the 
university,  but  his  parents  are  poor,  and  they  can't 
help  him  very  much.  How  much  money  will  he  need? 

Bar.  To  tell  you  the  truth,  he  should  have  at  least 
twenty  florins  or  he  won't  get  along  very  well.2 

Cam.  But  that's  too  much  money. 

Bar.  The  university  seeks  the  wealthy. 

Cam.  I  had  a  talk  with  one  of  the  masters  not  long 
ago,  and  it  was  his  opinion  that  my  relative  should  be  a 
servant  to  some  master  and  so  add  something  to  his 
funds.  What  do  you  think  of  that? 

Bar.  I  don't  know  what  to  say.  If  I  could  manage 
it  for  a  while,  I  should  prefer  to  be  free.  The  uni- 
versity demands  one's  unhampered  strength,  and  it  is 
notorious  that  often  those  who  do  nothing  but  study 
and  who  are  not  mixed  up  with  other  things,  make 
very  little  progress.  For  my  part,  it  seems  to  me  that 
I  shouldn't  get  very  much  out  of  the  sciences  unless  I 

2  Schulze  and  Ssymank,  Das  deutsche  Studententum  von  den  aeltesten 
Zeiten  bis  zur  Gegenwart,  p.  55 :  "  The  necessary  yearly  allowance  was 
.  .  .  twenty  gulden  (florins) ,  which  according  to  Paulsen  was  equiva- 
lent to  the  income  of  an  artisan  of  that  time."  See  Oskar  Dolch, 
Geschichte  des  deutschen  Studententhums,  pp.  50-51;  Die  Grenzboten, 
Jg.  25  (1866),  ii,  p.  214. 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  105 

were  in  with  a  certain  crowd,  and  had  nothing  to 
hinder  me. 

Cam.  That's  all  right  for  you,  who  are  wealthy. 
What  if  you  couldn't  do  better? 

Bar.  I  don't  know.  In  that  case,  I  suppose  I'd 
make  the  most  of  time  and  opportunity.  To  be  per- 
fectly frank,  I've  seen  certain  poor  fellows,  burdened 
with  menial  tasks,  occasionally  get  more  out  of  their 
studies  than  the  rest,  and  become  the  most  learned 
men,  but  they  worked  hard  while  others  slept;  they 
thought  nothing  so  worth  while  as  learning,  virtue, 
and  knowledge  of  the  liberal  arts. 

Cam.  I  understand,  Bart,  and  I  thank  you  very 
much  for  telling  me  this  so  plainly.  I'll  think  it  over. 
Come  home  with  me,  and  let's  have  a  friendly  drink. 

Bar.  I  haven't  time  now,  for  I'm  going  to  my  rela- 
tive; he  has  promised  to  help  me  in  a  certain  matter. 
I'll  be  more  than  glad  to  accept  when  I  have  more 
time. 

Cam.  I  should  be  glad  to  have  you. 

Bar.  There's  time  yet.  I'm  going  to  stay  longer, 
and  we'll  get  together  more  often.  So  long. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

THE  MANNER  OF  INVITING  DISTINGUISHED  PERSONS  TO 
BREAKFAST  OR  TO  COLLATIONS  1 

REVEREND  masters,  men  of  great  dignity  and  wis- 
dom, Master  N.  begs  Your  Lordships  that  you  deign 
to  breakfast  with  him  tomorrow  morning,  and  he  will 
endeavor  most  eagerly  to  please  Your  Reverences  in 
whatsoever  he  may  be  able. 

Honored  master,  I  beseech  Your  Reverence  in  the 
name  of  Master  N.  to  be  present  with  him  at  break- 
fast. He  will  seek  to  deserve  your  kindness  by  the  ut- 
most care  and  effort. 

Most  illustrious  master,  my  master  asks  that  you 
consent  to  be  with  him  at  a  collation  at  the  evening 
hour,  and  in  whatever  way  he  can  render  this  an 
agreeable  occasion  to  you,  he  will  not  be  remiss  therein. 

Honored  lord,  I  beg  on  behalf  of  the  preceptor  that 
you  consent  to  lend  him  Tully's  Rhetoric,  and  what- 
ever you  may  ask  from  him,  which  he  may  have,  he 
will  lend  you  not  only  willingly  but  eagerly. 

Noble  lord  doctor,  Master  N.  begs  Your  Honor  and 
Worthiness,  that  you  deign  to  breakfast  with  him  to- 
morrow, which  he  will  endeavor  to  merit  to  the  extent 
of  his  ability. 

1  Cf.  Chapter  X,  note  3. 

106 


THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM  107 

Distinguished  lord  doctor,  most  gentle  and  worthy 
man,  my  master  asks  Your  Lordship  that  you  deign  to 
accept  the  entertainment  of  a  collation  with  him,  and 
as  far  as  he  shall  be  able,  he  will  strive  most  diligently 
to  please  you. 

Commencement  Spreads 

Worthy  preceptor,  most  delightful  man,  we  entreat 
Your  Grace  to  attend  a  collation  this  evening  at  the 
home  of  Master  N.,  and  that  you  will  not  despise  our 
poverty,  because  each  one  of  us  will  eagerly  endeavor 
to  be  worthy. 

Reverend  master,  may  we  ask  Your  Reverence  not 
to  refuse  to  accept  the  entertainment  of  Master  N.'s 
collation,  and  that  you  be  mindful  of  us  in  the  disputa- 
tion, and  we  shall  always  be  most  studious  to  please 
you. 

Reverend  master,  does  it  please  Your  Grace  to 
enter  the  bath?  2  For  I  am  going  to  pay  the  fee  for  you. 
I  pray,  moreover,  that  you  accept  it  with  good  will. 
Indeed,  if  I  could  show  you  greater  reverence  or  honor, 
I  would  do  so  most  eagerly. 

2  Heidelberg  1419  (Urkundenbuch,  i,  p.  117) :  "In  the  same  year,  in 
the  same  assembly,  it  was  unanimously  agreed  that  on  the  completion 
of  the  examination  or  test  of  the  candidates  for  bachelor's  and  licen- 
tiate's degrees,  they  shall  invite  no  one  by  themselves,  nor  procure  to 
be  invited  by  others,  to  the  bath  or  to  a  banquet  immediately  after 
the  bath,  except  only  the  worthy  dean  and  his  associates,  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  in  such  banquets  the  poor  ones  are  too  greatly  burdened 
by  excesses  and  extravagances." 


io8          THE  MANUALE  SCHOLARIUM 

Most  beloved  master,  I  think  that  Your  Lordship 
remembers  that  I  contented  you  at  the  time  of  the 
half -fee.  And  so  I  come  to  beseech  Your  Reverence 
that  you  will  give  me  a  certificate. 

Honored  master,  I  have  taken  your  course  in  the 
ars  vetus;  I  seek,  in  the  name  of  my  master,  that  you  be 
willing  to  bestow  a  certificate  in  writing,  in  return  for 
which  my  master  will  satisfy  you. 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX 


OATH  OF  MATRICULANTS 
(Erfurt,  1392?) l 

I,  N.,  swear  and  promise  you,  Master  N.,  rector  of  the 
University  of  Erfurt,  and  your  successors  in  this  office, 
obedience  in  proper  and  legitimate  matters;  and  that  I 
desire  to  observe  whatsoever  statutes  made  and  to  be 
made  by  the  university  concern  me;  and  also  to  care  for  and 
preserve,  to  the  extent  of  my  ability  and  knowledge,  the 
welfare  and  honor  of  the  said  university,  in  whatever  status 
I  may  attain.  Likewise,  I  swear  that  if  there  should  arise  in 
the  university  any  cause  whatsoever  of  dissension  between 
me  and  any  student  of  the  university,  or  any  inhabitant  of 
the  town  of  Erfurt,  I  shall  not  defend  my  right  by  law  or 
deed,  except  in  the  presence  of  the  rector  for  the  time  being, 
or  before  a  justice  or  an  ordinary  judge  living  in  the  afore- 
said town.  Likewise,  I  swear  and  promise  that  if,  on  ac- 
count of  any  neglect  of  my  studies,  disobedience,  or  ex- 
cesses, actual  or  in  what  way  soever  presumptive,  manifest 
to  the  lord  rector  or  his  substitute,  I  shall  have  been 
ordered  by  the  same  to  withdraw  from  the  town  of  Erfurt 
within  a  certain  stated  time,  and  return  at  once  to  my  own 
home,  and  not  return  within  the  further  term  fixed  for  me, 
I  shall  carry  this  out  without  rebellion,  delay,  fraud,  or 
deceit.  And  that  I  shall  not  withdraw  myself  from  the 

1  Acten  der  Erfurter  Universitaet,  ed.  Weissenborn,  i,  p.  34. 
in 


H2  APPENDIX 

university  in  order  that  I  may  escape  or  even  anticipate 
the  sentence  that  ought  to  be  placed  upon  me.  [All  of 
which  I  shall  observe],  unless,  in  the  matters  above  stated, 
or  any  one  of  them,  I  shall  receive  a  dispensation  from  the 
rector  or  his  substitute.  So  help  me  God  and  the  authors 
of  the  Holy  Gospels. 

2 

STUDIES 

w 

Time  table,  and  fees  for  courses  (Leipzig,  1499-1522) 2 

Lecture  fees  for  the  Time  for  finishing  lectures  for 

baccalaureate  the  baccalaureate 

6  groschen.    Phisicorum Max.  3  quarters;  min.    ^  year. 

3         "  De  anima  "     2  months;       u      5  weeks. 

3  «  Vetusars "     3     "  "     10      " 

2  «  Petrus  Hispanus  ...       "     3     "  "     *°     " 

4  "  Priorum  Four  months. 

3  "  Posteriorum  Three  months. 

2         "  Elencorum Max.  3  months     min.  10  weeks. 

2  Priscianus  minor  . . .  Two  months, 

i         "  Sphera  materialis  ...  Six  weeks. 

Fees  for  exercises  for  Time  for  finishing  exercises 

the  baccalaureate  for  the  baccalaureate 

Veteris  artis 
Novae  logicae 


4  groschen. 


De  anima 


exercise. . .  4  months. 


Parwrum  loycalium 

Phisicorum  Exercicium 5  months. 


2  Statutenbiicher,  ed.  Zarncke,  pp.  462-463.  See  list  in  Aschbach, 
P-  352. 


APPENDIX  113 


Extract  from  an  Erfurt  Rubrica  of  1412  3 

BOOKS  TO  BE  READ,  AND  THE  TIME  ALLOTTED  TO  EACH. 

The  liber  phisicorum  should  be  read  for  eight  months,  the 
de  anima  for  three  months  .  .  .  the  spera  materialis  for  a 
month  and  a  half;  the  vetus  ars  for  four  months  (second 
part  of  Alexander  for  one  month)  the  priorum  for  four 
months,  the  posteriorum  for  four  months  .  .  .  the  elen- 
corum  for  two  months,  Petrus  Hispanus  for  three  months 
.  .  .  Priscianus  minor  for  three  months. 

3 

THE  MANNER  OF  HEARING  EXERCISES  AND  LECTURES 
(Leipzig,  1471}  4 

THE  manner  of  hearing  shall  be  as  follows:  that  whosoever 
is  hearing  any  lecture  for  a  degree  in  arts,  except  mathe- 
matics, logica  Hesbri,  and  the  politico,,  is  obliged  to  hear  it 
with  diligence  in  the  book  that  is  read,  in  such  wise  that  he 
have  his  own  or  a  borrowed  text  of  the  lecture  with  him  at 
the  time  of  the  lecture  (yet  two  or  three  at  most  may  use 
the  same  text  at  one  time)  ;  and  that,  without  a  reasonable 
cause,  and  except  in  the  case  of  a  legitimate  obstacle,  he 
has  neglected  no  lecture  which  he  ought  to  hear,  or  exercise 
at  which  he  ought  to  be  present,  counting  from  the  third 
lecture  or  exercise  from  the  beginning  of  the  books;  and 
that  as  far  as  possible,  he  has  remained,  without  deceit  or 

3  Aden,  ii,  p.  134.  See  Leipzig,  1507  (Staiutenbucher,  pp.  504-505)  : 
"When  exercises  should  be  begun  and  finished,"  and  "Hours  allotted 
to  exercises." 

4  Statutenbucher,  p.  411. 


H4  APPENDIX 

fraud,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  lecture  or  exer- 
cise; and  that  he  has  not  had  two  lectures  or  two  exercises 
at  one  hour.  However,  how  often  he  has  neglected  an  exer- 
cise or  a  lecture  or  lectures,  or  has  not  remained  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end,  and  all  his  other  defections,  he  must 
write  down  and  describe  in  the  schedule  of  his  acts,  to  be 
presented  at  the  time  of  the  dispensation,  with  the  reason 
if  he  has  one,  and  moreover  must  ask  for  a  dispensation, 
so  that  according  to  the  multitude  or  fewness  of  negligences 
and  failures,  and  their  reasons  if  he  has  any,  the  masters 
will  be  able  to  consider  and  decide  whether  he  merits  a  dis- 
pensation. The  masters  consider  a  legitimate  obstacle  to 
be  illness  or  absence  from  town  for  a  reasonable  cause,  or 
something  else  approved  by  the  faculty. 

4 

FORM  OF  SUMMONING  A  STUDENT 
(Leipzig,  1495)  5 

WE,  N.,  rector,  by  these  presents  publicly  require  and  per- 
emptorily summon  N.,  and  N.,  students  in  our  said  uni- 
versity, within  three  days,  obedient  to  this  requisition  and 
summons,  to  appear  personally  before  us  and  our  counsel- 
lors and  assistants,  in  our  usual  residence,  or  in  another 
place  to  be  assigned  to  them,  to  answer  truthfully  to  the 
charges  set  forth  and  presented  by  us,  to  clear  themselves 
lawfully  and  canonically  of  certain  misdemeanors  com- 
mitted by  them  (as  is  strongly  presumed  and  suspected), 
or  fully  to  pay  the  penalties  if  they  shall  not  lawfully  clear 
themselves  from  such  misdemeanors  to  be  charged  against 
them,  or  shall  be  unable  to  clear  themselves.  Otherwise, 

6  Statutenbiicher,  pp.  113-114. 


APPENDIX  115 

when  the  time  of  the  summons  has  elapsed,  we  shall  pro- 
ceed in  accordance  with  justice,  in  spite  of  their  rebellion 
and  stubbornness,  to  their  expulsion  or  other  deserved 
punishment. 

5 

EXPENSES  AT  EXAMINATIONS 
(Leipzig,  1444} 6 

IT  is  decreed  that  no  expenses  shall  be  incurred  by  the 
candidates  for  promotion,  before  the  opening  of  the  exam- 
ination or  test,  by  the  invitation  of  the  masters  or  others, 
but  if  they  choose,  they  may  offer  one  measure  of  beer  to 
the  proctor  and  his  assistants  as  a  fee,  and  no  more,  under 
penalty  of  one  florin,  which  penalty  any  one  doing  the  con- 
trary, by  himself  or  through  another,  directly  or  indirectly, 
and  in  any  manner  whatsoever,  shall  always  incur.  Which 
penalty  the  dean  is  required  to  take  from  him,  examining 
him  on  his  oath,  before  the  beginning  of  the  examination  or 
test,  and  pay  it  to  himself.  .  .  .  Likewise,  now  and  hence- 
forth, all  money  that  is  due  to  the  masters  examiners,  for 
their  consolation  and  honor,  is  by  no  means  to  be  divided 
among  them;  but  let  them  spend  it  according  to  ancient 
custom  entering  the  bath,  or  having  four  meals,  or  two 
according  to  circumstances.  For  so  the  reproach  of  others 
may  cease. 

6 

THE  MANNER  OF  EXACTING  A  PENALTY  FROM  THOSE  WHO 
SPEAK  THE  VERNACULAR 

(Leipzig,  1499) 1 

IT  has  been  decided  by  the  masters,  with  the  counsel  of  the 
faculty  of  arts,  that  the  proctor  in  the  exacting  of  a  penalty 

8  Statutenbucher,  pp.  362-363.          7  Statutenbiicher,  p.  471. 


n6  APPENDIX 

for  the  speaking  of  the  vernacular,  ought  to  apply  an  exact 
and  solicitous  diligence,  and  if  there  be  need,  to  ask  the 
advice  and  assistance  of  the  dean  and  of  the  entire  faculty, 
or  indeed  of  the  heads  of  the  colleges,  who  for  the  welfare  of 
the  college  and  the  promotion  of  study  among  the  students 
therein,  ought  to  be  bound  to  the  giving  of  counsel  and 
assistance  in  the  matter  of  the  exaction  of  this  penalty. 
But  if  the  proctor  shall  have  been  neglectful,  and  at  the 
demand  of  the  dean  does  not  correct  himself  or  exhibit 
diligence  in  the  matter  of  the  offences,  let  him  be  punished 
by  the  faculty  by  a  penalty  to  be  imposed  according  to  the 
degree  of  the  fault  committed. 

7 

MANDATUM  DE  NON  EFFUNDENDA  URINA  AUT  PROIICIENDIS 
PULVERIBUS  DE  DOMIBUS  PAEDAGOGII 

(Leipzig,  1495) 8 

CUM  universis,  turn  magnatibus  turn  nobilibus,  plebeis  ast 
etiam  communibus  huius  oppidi  civibus,  ius  et  servitus 
libere  eundi  per  paedagogii  curiam  concessum  fore  dino- 
scatur,  circa  quam  decentia  pariter  et  honestas  (ne  alicui 
pertranseuntium  horror,  displicentia  vel  nausea  incutiatur, 
seu  etiam  damnum  inf eratur)  merito  observanda  cense tur : 
ideoque  mandat  omnibus  et  singulis  suppositis  paedago- 
gium  immorantibus  sive  qualitercunque  ibidem  existenti- 
bus,  quatenus  nullum  ipsorum  deinceps  ex  quacunque 
pariete  domus  vel  anterioris  vel  posterioris,  diurno  prae- 
cipue  tempore,  urinam  vel  aquam  aut  quamcunque  aliam 
immundiciem  effundat  vel  eiiciat,  neque  ad  cannalia 
domus  novae  quocunque  tempore  eadem  fundere  vel 
proiicere  praesumat,  neque  etiam  sub  ianuae  posterioris 

8  Statutenbiicher.  p.  118. 


APPENDIX  117 

gradu  locum  urinando  vel  stercorizando  defoedet,  sub 
poena  .x.  gr.  tociens,  quotiens  quis  contrarium  facere 
praesumpserit,  universitati  irremissibiliter  persolvendo- 
rum.  Si  vero  aliquod  suppositum  urgente  necessitate 
aquam  seu  urinam  de  praescriptis  locis  nocturne  tempore 
effundere  voluerit,  non  aliter  nisi  spargendo  eandem 
effundat,  poena  sub  praemissa.  Datum  rectoratus  sub 
sigillo. 

8 
COSTUME 

w  ' 

Excerpts  from  Clothing  Ordinances  (Heidelberg,  1469) 9 

THE  university  decrees  that  indecent  and  irregular  cloth- 
ing should  be  avoided  by  every  student.  First,  as  to  hoods, 
that  they  be  made  in  proper  and  honorable  lengths.  .  .  . 
Concerning  collars,  it  is  ordained  that  they  shall  not  be 
made  as  they  are  now  seen,  scarcely  a  half,  but  they  shall 
go  about  and  completely  surround  the  neck.  ...  In 
shoes  also  they  shall  observe  decency,  especially  as  regards 
the  beaks,  which  shall  not  exceed  the  length  of  the  toe 
joint.  .  .  . 

(b) 

Excerpt  from  Statute  concerning  Conduct  and 
Proper  Clothing 

(Leipzig,  1 495}™ 

.  .  .  commands  to  all  and  sundry  students  of  the  said 
university  that  none  of  them  presume  to  go  about  in  dis- 

9  Urkundenbuch  der  Universitaet  Heidelberg,  ed.  Winkelmann,  i, 
p.  186. 

10  Statutenbucher,  pp.  115-116. 


n8  APPENDIX 

graceful,  indecent,  and  inappropriate  clothing,  as,  for 
example,  in  too  short  a  garment,  in  openwork  collar  or  one 
cut  too  short  in  the  back,  with  effeminate  stomacher,  lay 
hat,  short  or  abbreviated  hoods,  folded  leggings,  chasuble, 
biretta,  and  shoes  fashioned  in  various  intersections  of 
color,  or  in  any  other  forbidden  garments  whatever,  either 
in  the  public  square  or  in  the  colleges,  or  in  any  other 
public  place,  on  the  penalty  set  forth. 


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ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

•  2-month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling 
(510)642-6753 

•  1-year  loans  may  be  recharged  by  bringing 
books  to  NRLF 

•  Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made 
4  days  prior  to  due  date 


BELOW 


OCT20Q3 


DD20   15M  4-02 


